Culex erythrothorax (Diptera: Culicidae): Activity periods, insecticide susceptibility and control in California (USA)
The mosquito Culex erythrothorax Dyar is a West Nile virus (WNV) vector that breeds in wetlands with emergent vegetation. Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans, birds and mosquitoes in close proximity, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. Adult Cx. erythrothorax abu...
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| creator | Esterly, Allen T. Alemayehu, Dereje Rusmisel, Benjamin Busam, John Shelton, Theresa L. Sebay, Tina Zahiri, Nayer Huston, Joseph W. Clausnitzer, Ryan J. Haas-Stapleton, Eric J. |
| description | The mosquito Culex erythrothorax Dyar is a West Nile virus (WNV) vector that breeds in wetlands with emergent vegetation. Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans, birds and mosquitoes in close proximity, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. Adult Cx. erythrothorax abundance peaked in a wetland bordering the San Francisco Bay of California (USA) during the first 3 hours after sunset (5527 ± 4070 mosquitoes / trap night) while peak adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett abundance occurred during the subsequent 3 h period (83 ± 30 Cx. tarsalis). When insecticide resistance was assessed using bottle bioassay, Cx. erythrothorax was highly sensitive to permethrin, naled, and etofenprox insecticides compared to a strain of Culex pipiens that is susceptible to insecticides (LC50 = 0.35, 0.71, and 4.1 μg/bottle, respectively). The Cx. erythrothorax were 2.8-fold more resistant to resmethrin, however, the LC50 value was low (0.68 μg/bottle). Piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of permethrin (0.5 μg/bottle) and reduced knock down time, but a higher permethrin concentration (2.0 μg/bottle) did not have similar effects. Bulk mixed-function oxidase, alpha-esterase, or beta-esterase activities in mosquito homogenates were higher in Cx. erythrothorax relative to the Cx. pipiens susceptible strain. There was no difference in the activity of glutathione S-transferase between the two mosquito species and insensitive acetylcholine esterase was not detected. Larvicides that were applied to the site had limited impact on reducing mosquito abundance. Subsequent removal of emergent vegetation in concert with larvicide applications and reduced daily environmental temperature substantially reduced mosquito abundance. To control Cx. erythrothorax in wetlands, land managers should consider vegetation removal so that larvicide can efficiently enter the water. Vector control agencies may more successfully control adult viremic Cx. erythrothorax that enter nearby neighborhoods by applying adulticides during the 3 h that follow sunset. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0228835 |
| format | Article |
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Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans, birds and mosquitoes in close proximity, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. Adult Cx. erythrothorax abundance peaked in a wetland bordering the San Francisco Bay of California (USA) during the first 3 hours after sunset (5527 ± 4070 mosquitoes / trap night) while peak adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett abundance occurred during the subsequent 3 h period (83 ± 30 Cx. tarsalis). When insecticide resistance was assessed using bottle bioassay, Cx. erythrothorax was highly sensitive to permethrin, naled, and etofenprox insecticides compared to a strain of Culex pipiens that is susceptible to insecticides (LC50 = 0.35, 0.71, and 4.1 μg/bottle, respectively). The Cx. erythrothorax were 2.8-fold more resistant to resmethrin, however, the LC50 value was low (0.68 μg/bottle). Piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of permethrin (0.5 μg/bottle) and reduced knock down time, but a higher permethrin concentration (2.0 μg/bottle) did not have similar effects. Bulk mixed-function oxidase, alpha-esterase, or beta-esterase activities in mosquito homogenates were higher in Cx. erythrothorax relative to the Cx. pipiens susceptible strain. There was no difference in the activity of glutathione S-transferase between the two mosquito species and insensitive acetylcholine esterase was not detected. Larvicides that were applied to the site had limited impact on reducing mosquito abundance. Subsequent removal of emergent vegetation in concert with larvicide applications and reduced daily environmental temperature substantially reduced mosquito abundance. To control Cx. erythrothorax in wetlands, land managers should consider vegetation removal so that larvicide can efficiently enter the water. Vector control agencies may more successfully control adult viremic Cx. erythrothorax that enter nearby neighborhoods by applying adulticides during the 3 h that follow sunset.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228835</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32649665</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abundance ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Bioassays ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Birds ; Culex erythrothorax ; Culicidae ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Emergent vegetation ; Enzymes ; Esterase ; Glutathione ; Glutathione transferase ; Insecticide resistance ; Insecticides ; Land management ; Larvicides ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mosquitoes ; Permethrin ; Pesticide resistance ; Piperonyl butoxide ; Proteins ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Sunset ; Toxicity ; Urbanization ; Vegetation ; Viruses ; West Nile virus ; Wetland management ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-07, Vol.15 (7), p.e0228835</ispartof><rights>2020 Esterly et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans, birds and mosquitoes in close proximity, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. Adult Cx. erythrothorax abundance peaked in a wetland bordering the San Francisco Bay of California (USA) during the first 3 hours after sunset (5527 ± 4070 mosquitoes / trap night) while peak adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett abundance occurred during the subsequent 3 h period (83 ± 30 Cx. tarsalis). When insecticide resistance was assessed using bottle bioassay, Cx. erythrothorax was highly sensitive to permethrin, naled, and etofenprox insecticides compared to a strain of Culex pipiens that is susceptible to insecticides (LC50 = 0.35, 0.71, and 4.1 μg/bottle, respectively). The Cx. erythrothorax were 2.8-fold more resistant to resmethrin, however, the LC50 value was low (0.68 μg/bottle). Piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of permethrin (0.5 μg/bottle) and reduced knock down time, but a higher permethrin concentration (2.0 μg/bottle) did not have similar effects. Bulk mixed-function oxidase, alpha-esterase, or beta-esterase activities in mosquito homogenates were higher in Cx. erythrothorax relative to the Cx. pipiens susceptible strain. There was no difference in the activity of glutathione S-transferase between the two mosquito species and insensitive acetylcholine esterase was not detected. Larvicides that were applied to the site had limited impact on reducing mosquito abundance. Subsequent removal of emergent vegetation in concert with larvicide applications and reduced daily environmental temperature substantially reduced mosquito abundance. To control Cx. erythrothorax in wetlands, land managers should consider vegetation removal so that larvicide can efficiently enter the water. Vector control agencies may more successfully control adult viremic Cx. erythrothorax that enter nearby neighborhoods by applying adulticides during the 3 h that follow sunset.</description><subject>Abundance</subject><subject>Acetylcholinesterase</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>Culex erythrothorax</subject><subject>Culicidae</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Emergent vegetation</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Esterase</subject><subject>Glutathione</subject><subject>Glutathione transferase</subject><subject>Insecticide resistance</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Land management</subject><subject>Larvicides</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>Permethrin</subject><subject>Pesticide resistance</subject><subject>Piperonyl 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Ibrahim</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Culex erythrothorax (Diptera: Culicidae): Activity periods, insecticide susceptibility and control in California (USA)</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><date>2020-07-10</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0228835</spage><pages>e0228835-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The mosquito Culex erythrothorax Dyar is a West Nile virus (WNV) vector that breeds in wetlands with emergent vegetation. Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans, birds and mosquitoes in close proximity, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. Adult Cx. erythrothorax abundance peaked in a wetland bordering the San Francisco Bay of California (USA) during the first 3 hours after sunset (5527 ± 4070 mosquitoes / trap night) while peak adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett abundance occurred during the subsequent 3 h period (83 ± 30 Cx. tarsalis). When insecticide resistance was assessed using bottle bioassay, Cx. erythrothorax was highly sensitive to permethrin, naled, and etofenprox insecticides compared to a strain of Culex pipiens that is susceptible to insecticides (LC50 = 0.35, 0.71, and 4.1 μg/bottle, respectively). The Cx. erythrothorax were 2.8-fold more resistant to resmethrin, however, the LC50 value was low (0.68 μg/bottle). Piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of permethrin (0.5 μg/bottle) and reduced knock down time, but a higher permethrin concentration (2.0 μg/bottle) did not have similar effects. Bulk mixed-function oxidase, alpha-esterase, or beta-esterase activities in mosquito homogenates were higher in Cx. erythrothorax relative to the Cx. pipiens susceptible strain. There was no difference in the activity of glutathione S-transferase between the two mosquito species and insensitive acetylcholine esterase was not detected. Larvicides that were applied to the site had limited impact on reducing mosquito abundance. Subsequent removal of emergent vegetation in concert with larvicide applications and reduced daily environmental temperature substantially reduced mosquito abundance. To control Cx. erythrothorax in wetlands, land managers should consider vegetation removal so that larvicide can efficiently enter the water. Vector control agencies may more successfully control adult viremic Cx. erythrothorax that enter nearby neighborhoods by applying adulticides during the 3 h that follow sunset.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32649665</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0228835</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-7529</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Abundance Acetylcholinesterase Bioassays Biology and Life Sciences Birds Culex erythrothorax Culicidae Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Emergent vegetation Enzymes Esterase Glutathione Glutathione transferase Insecticide resistance Insecticides Land management Larvicides Medicine and Health Sciences Mosquitoes Permethrin Pesticide resistance Piperonyl butoxide Proteins Research and Analysis Methods Sunset Toxicity Urbanization Vegetation Viruses West Nile virus Wetland management Wetlands |
| title | Culex erythrothorax (Diptera: Culicidae): Activity periods, insecticide susceptibility and control in California (USA) |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-23T01%3A55%3A22IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Culex%20erythrothorax%20(Diptera:%20Culicidae):%20Activity%20periods,%20insecticide%20susceptibility%20and%20control%20in%20California%20(USA)&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Esterly,%20Allen%20T.&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e0228835&rft.pages=e0228835-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0228835&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E2422399944%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2422399944&rft_id=info:pmid/32649665&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_eb59de7cc3c2431d97647ada53e4bc0d&rfr_iscdi=true |