Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017
Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal police violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping effor...
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| description | Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal police violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal police violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013-2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports.
Rates of police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal police violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly 'accidental' deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated.
Preventing fatal police violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0229686 |
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Rates of police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal police violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly 'accidental' deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated.
Preventing fatal police violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229686</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32579553</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; African Americans ; Aggression ; Behavioral sciences ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Casualties ; Censuses ; Cities - statistics & numerical data ; Confidence intervals ; Criminal investigations ; Databases, Factual ; Departments ; Drug overdose ; Earth Sciences ; Estimates ; Ethnicity ; Ethnicity - statistics & numerical data ; Fatalities ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mapping ; Metropolitan areas ; People and Places ; Police ; Police brutality ; Police departments ; Population ; Production methods ; Public health ; Race ; Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data ; Racial violence ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Researchers ; Segregation ; Sensitivity analysis ; Social aspects ; Social Sciences ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Statistical methods ; Statistics ; United States ; Violence ; Violence - statistics & numerical data</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-06, Vol.15 (6), p.e0229686-e0229686</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Schwartz, Jahn. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Schwartz, Jahn 2020 Schwartz, Jahn</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e6ff94c4d364a8a1f296b627f5d727c3fc661dd9687bc57254d83ad019cac9993</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e6ff94c4d364a8a1f296b627f5d727c3fc661dd9687bc57254d83ad019cac9993</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8299-1407 ; 0000-0002-1346-6331</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313728/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313728/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32579553$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Jackson, Jonathan</contributor><creatorcontrib>Schwartz, Gabriel L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jahn, Jaquelyn L</creatorcontrib><title>Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal police violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal police violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013-2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports.
Rates of police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal police violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly 'accidental' deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated.
Preventing fatal police violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>African Americans</subject><subject>Aggression</subject><subject>Behavioral sciences</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Casualties</subject><subject>Censuses</subject><subject>Cities - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Criminal investigations</subject><subject>Databases, Factual</subject><subject>Departments</subject><subject>Drug overdose</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Ethnicity - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mapping</subject><subject>Metropolitan areas</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Police</subject><subject>Police brutality</subject><subject>Police departments</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Production methods</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Racial Groups - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Schwartz, Gabriel L</au><au>Jahn, Jaquelyn L</au><au>Jackson, Jonathan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-06-24</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0229686</spage><epage>e0229686</epage><pages>e0229686-e0229686</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Recent social movements have highlighted fatal police violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal police violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal police violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013-2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports.
Rates of police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal police violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly 'accidental' deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated.
Preventing fatal police violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32579553</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0229686</doi><tpages>e0229686</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8299-1407</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1346-6331</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult African Americans Aggression Behavioral sciences Biology and Life Sciences Casualties Censuses Cities - statistics & numerical data Confidence intervals Criminal investigations Databases, Factual Departments Drug overdose Earth Sciences Estimates Ethnicity Ethnicity - statistics & numerical data Fatalities Female Humans Male Mapping Metropolitan areas People and Places Police Police brutality Police departments Population Production methods Public health Race Racial Groups - statistics & numerical data Racial violence Research and Analysis Methods Researchers Segregation Sensitivity analysis Social aspects Social Sciences Socioeconomic Factors Statistical methods Statistics United States Violence Violence - statistics & numerical data |
| title | Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017 |
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