Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure...
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| creator | Rimal, Shikha Ojha, Krishna Chandra Chaisowwong, Warangkhana Shah, Yogendra Pant, Dhan Kumar Sirimalaisuwan, Anucha |
| description | Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley.
Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml).
Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0231967 |
| format | Article |
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Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml).
Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study.
Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231967</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32339182</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood ; Antibodies, Viral - blood ; Beef cattle ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Developing countries ; Disease ; Disease prevention ; Disease transmission ; Diseases ; Dog Diseases - pathology ; Dog Diseases - prevention & control ; Dog Diseases - virology ; Dogs ; Enzymes ; Food safety ; Food sanitation ; Glycoprotein ; Glycoproteins ; Health aspects ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulins ; Laboratories ; LDCs ; Lyssavirus ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Metropolitan areas ; Nepal ; Optical density ; Pets ; Prevention ; Public health ; Rabies ; Rabies - pathology ; Rabies - prevention & control ; Rabies Vaccines - immunology ; Rabies virus - immunology ; Research facilities ; Seroconversion ; Tropical diseases ; Urban areas ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Veterinary medicine ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231967-e0231967</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Rimal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Rimal et al 2020 Rimal et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e142925265d279d16ebfe74423e5afd34ef164b1fa65994f197ffd21d062fd7b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e142925265d279d16ebfe74423e5afd34ef164b1fa65994f197ffd21d062fd7b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0820-4556</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185695/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185695/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32339182$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Clegg, Simon Russell</contributor><creatorcontrib>Rimal, Shikha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ojha, Krishna Chandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaisowwong, Warangkhana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Yogendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pant, Dhan Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sirimalaisuwan, Anucha</creatorcontrib><title>Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley.
Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml).
Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study.
Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood</subject><subject>Antibodies, Viral - blood</subject><subject>Beef cattle</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Diseases</subject><subject>Dog Diseases - pathology</subject><subject>Dog Diseases - prevention & control</subject><subject>Dog Diseases - virology</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Food safety</subject><subject>Food sanitation</subject><subject>Glycoprotein</subject><subject>Glycoproteins</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hygiene</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Immunoglobulins</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Lyssavirus</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Metropolitan areas</subject><subject>Nepal</subject><subject>Optical density</subject><subject>Pets</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Rabies</subject><subject>Rabies - pathology</subject><subject>Rabies - prevention & control</subject><subject>Rabies Vaccines - immunology</subject><subject>Rabies virus - immunology</subject><subject>Research facilities</subject><subject>Seroconversion</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Veterinary medicine</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11rFDEUhgdRbK3-A9EBQRTcNR8zmc2NUOpXsVjwo7chk5zMpGSTdZJZ7H_wR5vZ3Zau9EJykXDynPckb3KK4ilGc0wb_PYyjIOXbr4KHuaIUMxZc684xJySGSOI3r-1PigexXiJUE0XjD0sDiihlOMFOSz-vIcEKtngy2DKtR3GOPMwpkE6G63vSumTbYO2EPNSlzLGoKxMoEsjVQpDDnfS-pjKQbYTZX2ZeijXUinrN2Afxgh9cLrUoYtTnS8y9cssN5YX0jm4elN-hZV0j4sHRroIT3bzUfHz44cfJ59nZ-efTk-Oz2aKcZJmgCvCSU1YrUnDNWbQGmiqilCopdG0AoNZ1WIjWc15ZTBvjNEEa8SI0U1Lj4rnW92VC1HsjIyCUF6TijOyyMTpltBBXorVYJdyuBJBWrEJhKETckhWORC6QgxJqhuiSYUr1ErUGlXVC9M2ja551nq3qza2S9AK_OTunuj-jre96MJaNHhRM15ngVc7gSH8GiEmsbRRgXPSQ7Z2c26GEMEkoy_-Qe--3Y7qZL6A9SbkumoSFceMEIwbzKZzz--g8tCwtCr_OmNzfC_h9V5CZhL8Tp0cYxSn37_9P3t-sc--vMX2IF3qY3Dj9GvjPlhtQTWEGAcwNyZjJKamuXZDTE0jdk2T057dfqCbpOsuoX8BMtITqg</recordid><startdate>20200427</startdate><enddate>20200427</enddate><creator>Rimal, Shikha</creator><creator>Ojha, Krishna Chandra</creator><creator>Chaisowwong, Warangkhana</creator><creator>Shah, Yogendra</creator><creator>Pant, Dhan Kumar</creator><creator>Sirimalaisuwan, Anucha</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-4556</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200427</creationdate><title>Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</title><author>Rimal, Shikha ; Ojha, Krishna Chandra ; Chaisowwong, Warangkhana ; Shah, Yogendra ; Pant, Dhan Kumar ; Sirimalaisuwan, Anucha</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e142925265d279d16ebfe74423e5afd34ef164b1fa65994f197ffd21d062fd7b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antibodies, Neutralizing - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rimal, Shikha</au><au>Ojha, Krishna Chandra</au><au>Chaisowwong, Warangkhana</au><au>Shah, Yogendra</au><au>Pant, Dhan Kumar</au><au>Sirimalaisuwan, Anucha</au><au>Clegg, Simon Russell</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-04-27</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0231967</spage><epage>e0231967</epage><pages>e0231967-e0231967</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley.
Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml).
Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study.
Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32339182</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0231967</doi><tpages>e0231967</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-4556</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2395249628 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Age Animals Antibodies Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood Antibodies, Viral - blood Beef cattle Biology and Life Sciences Developing countries Disease Disease prevention Disease transmission Diseases Dog Diseases - pathology Dog Diseases - prevention & control Dog Diseases - virology Dogs Enzymes Food safety Food sanitation Glycoprotein Glycoproteins Health aspects Hygiene Immunization Immunoglobulins Laboratories LDCs Lyssavirus Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Metropolitan areas Nepal Optical density Pets Prevention Public health Rabies Rabies - pathology Rabies - prevention & control Rabies Vaccines - immunology Rabies virus - immunology Research facilities Seroconversion Tropical diseases Urban areas Vaccination Vaccines Veterinary medicine Viral diseases Viruses Zoonoses |
| title | Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-23T17%3A26%3A11IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection%20of%20virus-neutralising%20antibodies%20and%20associated%20factors%20against%20rabies%20in%20the%20vaccinated%20household%20dogs%20of%20Kathmandu%20Valley,%20Nepal&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Rimal,%20Shikha&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0231967&rft.epage=e0231967&rft.pages=e0231967-e0231967&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0231967&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA622117169%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2395249628&rft_id=info:pmid/32339182&rft_galeid=A622117169&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_d4060a3d72d24140ba0bfc458fb77d59&rfr_iscdi=true |