Association of early viral lower respiratory infections and subsequent development of atopy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Existing evidence on the relationship between childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and the subsequent atopy development is controversial. We aimed to investigate an association between viral LRTI at 2 years. We conducted a search at Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Global Index Me...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231816 |
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| creator | Kenmoe, Sebastien Kengne-Nde, Cyprien Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou Bigna, Jean Joel Njouom, Richard |
| description | Existing evidence on the relationship between childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and the subsequent atopy development is controversial. We aimed to investigate an association between viral LRTI at 2 years.
We conducted a search at Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. We collected data from the included articles. We estimated the odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals with a random effect model. We determined factors associated with atopy development after childhood LRTI using univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses. We recorded this systematic review at PROSPERO with the number CRD42018116955.
We included 24 studies. There was no relationship between viral LRTI at |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0231816 |
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We conducted a search at Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. We collected data from the included articles. We estimated the odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals with a random effect model. We determined factors associated with atopy development after childhood LRTI using univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses. We recorded this systematic review at PROSPERO with the number CRD42018116955.
We included 24 studies. There was no relationship between viral LRTI at <5 years and skin prick test-diagnosed-atopy (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.7-2.0]), unknown diagnosed-atopy (OR = 0.7, [95% CI = 0.4-1.3]), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.9-1.6]), hyperreactivity to pollen (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.7]), food (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.5]), or house dust mite (OR = 1.1, [95% CI = 0.6-2.2]). Although not confirmed in all studies with a symmetric distribution of the 23 confounding factors investigated, the overall analyses showed that there was a relationship between childhood viral LRTI at < 5 years and serum test diagnosed-atopy (OR = 2.0, [95% CI = 1.0-4.1]), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 1.7, [95% CI = 1.1-2.9]), hyperreactivity diagnosed by serum tests with food (OR = 5.3, [1.7-16.7]) or inhaled allergens (OR = 4.2, [95% CI = 2.1-8.5]), or furred animals (OR = 0.6, [95% CI = 0.5-0.9]).
These results suggest that there is no association between viral LRTI at < 5 years and the majority of categories of atopy studied during this work. These results, however, are not confirmed for the remaining categories of atopy and more particularly those diagnosed by serum tests. There is a real need to develop more accurate atopy diagnostic tools.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231816</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32330171</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adenoviruses ; Age ; Allergens ; Allergens - adverse effects ; Allergies ; Allergy tests ; Analysis ; Animals ; Asthma ; Asthma - blood ; Asthma - diagnosis ; Asthma - epidemiology ; Asthma - immunology ; Atopic dermatitis ; Bias ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Child ; Childhood ; Children ; Cohort analysis ; Confidence intervals ; Conjunctivitis ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic - blood ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic - diagnosis ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic - epidemiology ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic - immunology ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic - blood ; Dermatitis, Atopic - diagnosis ; Dermatitis, Atopic - epidemiology ; Dermatitis, Atopic - immunology ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus - immunology ; Diagnostic software ; Diagnostic systems ; Disease prevention ; Eczema ; Epidemiology ; Food ; Food allergies ; Food hypersensitivity ; Health aspects ; House dust ; Humans ; Hyperreactivity ; Hypersensitivity ; Infection ; Infections ; Lung diseases ; Medical tests ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Meta-analysis ; Pneumonia ; Pollen ; Pollen - adverse effects ; Pollen - immunology ; Regression analysis ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Researchers ; Respiratory tract ; Respiratory tract diseases ; Respiratory tract infection ; Respiratory Tract Infections - immunology ; Respiratory Tract Infections - virology ; Rhinitis, Allergic - blood ; Rhinitis, Allergic - diagnosis ; Rhinitis, Allergic - epidemiology ; Rhinitis, Allergic - immunology ; Rhinoconjunctivitis ; Search strategies ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; Software ; Statistical analysis ; Studies ; Systematic review ; Time Factors ; Virology ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231816</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Kenmoe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Kenmoe et al 2020 Kenmoe et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d267771172befaae2dd6ccdd36c6e75b73044e3094ca68d81cd67fcbe0c6d1fe3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d267771172befaae2dd6ccdd36c6e75b73044e3094ca68d81cd67fcbe0c6d1fe3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3112-6370</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182231/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182231/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330171$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Chan, Renee W.Y.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Kenmoe, Sebastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kengne-Nde, Cyprien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bigna, Jean Joel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Njouom, Richard</creatorcontrib><title>Association of early viral lower respiratory infections and subsequent development of atopy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Existing evidence on the relationship between childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and the subsequent atopy development is controversial. We aimed to investigate an association between viral LRTI at <5 years and the development of atopy at > 2 years.
We conducted a search at Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. We collected data from the included articles. We estimated the odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals with a random effect model. We determined factors associated with atopy development after childhood LRTI using univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses. We recorded this systematic review at PROSPERO with the number CRD42018116955.
We included 24 studies. There was no relationship between viral LRTI at <5 years and skin prick test-diagnosed-atopy (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.7-2.0]), unknown diagnosed-atopy (OR = 0.7, [95% CI = 0.4-1.3]), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.9-1.6]), hyperreactivity to pollen (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.7]), food (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.5]), or house dust mite (OR = 1.1, [95% CI = 0.6-2.2]). Although not confirmed in all studies with a symmetric distribution of the 23 confounding factors investigated, the overall analyses showed that there was a relationship between childhood viral LRTI at < 5 years and serum test diagnosed-atopy (OR = 2.0, [95% CI = 1.0-4.1]), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 1.7, [95% CI = 1.1-2.9]), hyperreactivity diagnosed by serum tests with food (OR = 5.3, [1.7-16.7]) or inhaled allergens (OR = 4.2, [95% CI = 2.1-8.5]), or furred animals (OR = 0.6, [95% CI = 0.5-0.9]).
These results suggest that there is no association between viral LRTI at < 5 years and the majority of categories of atopy studied during this work. These results, however, are not confirmed for the remaining categories of atopy and more particularly those diagnosed by serum tests. There is a real need to develop more accurate atopy diagnostic tools.</description><subject>Adenoviruses</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Allergens</subject><subject>Allergens - adverse effects</subject><subject>Allergies</subject><subject>Allergy tests</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Asthma</subject><subject>Asthma - blood</subject><subject>Asthma - diagnosis</subject><subject>Asthma - epidemiology</subject><subject>Asthma - immunology</subject><subject>Atopic dermatitis</subject><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Childhood</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Conjunctivitis</subject><subject>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - blood</subject><subject>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - diagnosis</subject><subject>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - immunology</subject><subject>Dermatitis</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Atopic - blood</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Atopic - diagnosis</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Atopic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Dermatitis, Atopic - immunology</subject><subject>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus - immunology</subject><subject>Diagnostic software</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Eczema</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food allergies</subject><subject>Food hypersensitivity</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>House dust</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperreactivity</subject><subject>Hypersensitivity</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Lung diseases</subject><subject>Medical tests</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Meta-analysis</subject><subject>Pneumonia</subject><subject>Pollen</subject><subject>Pollen - adverse effects</subject><subject>Pollen - immunology</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Respiratory tract</subject><subject>Respiratory tract diseases</subject><subject>Respiratory tract infection</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - immunology</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - virology</subject><subject>Rhinitis, Allergic - blood</subject><subject>Rhinitis, Allergic - diagnosis</subject><subject>Rhinitis, Allergic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Rhinitis, Allergic - immunology</subject><subject>Rhinoconjunctivitis</subject><subject>Search strategies</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skin Tests</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk1uL1DAUx4so7rr6DUQLgig4Y9K0aedFGBYvAwsL3l5DmpzOZEibmrSzzvfwA3s6012msg-Sh6bJ7_xPzi2KnlMypyyn77eu942089Y1MCcJowXlD6JzumDJjCeEPTzZn0VPQtgSkrGC88fRGUsYIzSn59GfZQhOGdkZ18SuikF6u493xksbW3cDPvYQWvztnN_HpqlADWiIZaPj0JcBfvXQdLGGHVjX1sMeZRBv9-9iGYd96KBGeYVCOwM3B8MaOjmT-Pp9MGHglds438Wh67WB8DR6VEkb4Nn4vYh-fPr4_fLL7Or68-pyeTVTfJF0M53wPM8pzZMSKikh0ZorpTXjikOelTkjaQqMLFIleaELqjTPK1UCUVzTCthF9PKo21oXxJjQIBK2SLOkoEWKxOpIaCe3ovWmln4vnDTicOD8WkiPwVkQJScZJQVPKEG3lBU6o4C-gWdEYQ1Q68PorS9r0ApThVmeiE5vGrMRa7cTOS0SrC8KvBkFvMOsh07UJiiwVjbg-uO7i8XQB4i--ge9P7qRWksMAIvr0K8aRMUS4yiyFNsFqfk9FC4NtVHYfZXB84nB24kBMh387tayD0Gsvn39f_b655R9fcJuQNpuE5ztDw05BdMjqLwLwUN1l2RKxDA8t9kQw_CIcXjQ7MVpge6MbqeF_QXNzBdr</recordid><startdate>20200424</startdate><enddate>20200424</enddate><creator>Kenmoe, Sebastien</creator><creator>Kengne-Nde, Cyprien</creator><creator>Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou</creator><creator>Bigna, Jean Joel</creator><creator>Njouom, Richard</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-6370</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200424</creationdate><title>Association of early viral lower respiratory infections and subsequent development of atopy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies</title><author>Kenmoe, Sebastien ; Kengne-Nde, Cyprien ; Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou ; Bigna, Jean Joel ; Njouom, Richard</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d267771172befaae2dd6ccdd36c6e75b73044e3094ca68d81cd67fcbe0c6d1fe3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adenoviruses</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Allergens</topic><topic>Allergens - adverse effects</topic><topic>Allergies</topic><topic>Allergy tests</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Asthma</topic><topic>Asthma - blood</topic><topic>Asthma - diagnosis</topic><topic>Asthma - epidemiology</topic><topic>Asthma - immunology</topic><topic>Atopic dermatitis</topic><topic>Bias</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Childhood</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Conjunctivitis</topic><topic>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - blood</topic><topic>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - diagnosis</topic><topic>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - epidemiology</topic><topic>Conjunctivitis, Allergic - immunology</topic><topic>Dermatitis</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Atopic - blood</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Atopic - diagnosis</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Atopic - epidemiology</topic><topic>Dermatitis, Atopic - immunology</topic><topic>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus - immunology</topic><topic>Diagnostic software</topic><topic>Diagnostic systems</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Eczema</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food allergies</topic><topic>Food hypersensitivity</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>House dust</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperreactivity</topic><topic>Hypersensitivity</topic><topic>Infection</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Lung diseases</topic><topic>Medical tests</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Meta-analysis</topic><topic>Pneumonia</topic><topic>Pollen</topic><topic>Pollen - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kenmoe, Sebastien</au><au>Kengne-Nde, Cyprien</au><au>Modiyinji, Abdou Fatawou</au><au>Bigna, Jean Joel</au><au>Njouom, Richard</au><au>Chan, Renee W.Y.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Association of early viral lower respiratory infections and subsequent development of atopy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-04-24</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0231816</spage><pages>e0231816-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Existing evidence on the relationship between childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and the subsequent atopy development is controversial. We aimed to investigate an association between viral LRTI at <5 years and the development of atopy at > 2 years.
We conducted a search at Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus. We collected data from the included articles. We estimated the odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals with a random effect model. We determined factors associated with atopy development after childhood LRTI using univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses. We recorded this systematic review at PROSPERO with the number CRD42018116955.
We included 24 studies. There was no relationship between viral LRTI at <5 years and skin prick test-diagnosed-atopy (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.7-2.0]), unknown diagnosed-atopy (OR = 0.7, [95% CI = 0.4-1.3]), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.2, [95% CI = 0.9-1.6]), hyperreactivity to pollen (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.7]), food (OR = 0.8, [95% CI = 0.3-2.5]), or house dust mite (OR = 1.1, [95% CI = 0.6-2.2]). Although not confirmed in all studies with a symmetric distribution of the 23 confounding factors investigated, the overall analyses showed that there was a relationship between childhood viral LRTI at < 5 years and serum test diagnosed-atopy (OR = 2.0, [95% CI = 1.0-4.1]), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 1.7, [95% CI = 1.1-2.9]), hyperreactivity diagnosed by serum tests with food (OR = 5.3, [1.7-16.7]) or inhaled allergens (OR = 4.2, [95% CI = 2.1-8.5]), or furred animals (OR = 0.6, [95% CI = 0.5-0.9]).
These results suggest that there is no association between viral LRTI at < 5 years and the majority of categories of atopy studied during this work. These results, however, are not confirmed for the remaining categories of atopy and more particularly those diagnosed by serum tests. There is a real need to develop more accurate atopy diagnostic tools.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32330171</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0231816</doi><tpages>e0231816</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-6370</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231816 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2394528184 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adenoviruses Age Allergens Allergens - adverse effects Allergies Allergy tests Analysis Animals Asthma Asthma - blood Asthma - diagnosis Asthma - epidemiology Asthma - immunology Atopic dermatitis Bias Biology and Life Sciences Child Childhood Children Cohort analysis Confidence intervals Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis, Allergic - blood Conjunctivitis, Allergic - diagnosis Conjunctivitis, Allergic - epidemiology Conjunctivitis, Allergic - immunology Dermatitis Dermatitis, Atopic - blood Dermatitis, Atopic - diagnosis Dermatitis, Atopic - epidemiology Dermatitis, Atopic - immunology Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus - immunology Diagnostic software Diagnostic systems Disease prevention Eczema Epidemiology Food Food allergies Food hypersensitivity Health aspects House dust Humans Hyperreactivity Hypersensitivity Infection Infections Lung diseases Medical tests Medicine and Health Sciences Meta-analysis Pneumonia Pollen Pollen - adverse effects Pollen - immunology Regression analysis Research and Analysis Methods Researchers Respiratory tract Respiratory tract diseases Respiratory tract infection Respiratory Tract Infections - immunology Respiratory Tract Infections - virology Rhinitis, Allergic - blood Rhinitis, Allergic - diagnosis Rhinitis, Allergic - epidemiology Rhinitis, Allergic - immunology Rhinoconjunctivitis Search strategies Skin Skin Tests Software Statistical analysis Studies Systematic review Time Factors Virology Viruses |
| title | Association of early viral lower respiratory infections and subsequent development of atopy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies |
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