The spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Yunnan Province, China, from 2007 to 2017
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne disease with a high prevalence in Yunnan Province, China. However, there has been a lack of a JE epidemic systematic analysis, which is urgently needed to guide control and prevention efforts. This study explored and described the spatiotemporal distribut...
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| description | Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne disease with a high prevalence in Yunnan Province, China. However, there has been a lack of a JE epidemic systematic analysis, which is urgently needed to guide control and prevention efforts.
This study explored and described the spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases observed among two different age groups in Yunnan Province from 2007 to 2017. The epidemiological features and spatial features were analyzed according to basic statistics, ArcGIS software (version 9.3; ESRI, Redlands, CA) and SPSS software (version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York).
Overall, the whole province had a high incidence of JE. The annual incidence rates in 2007 and 2017 were 1.668/100,000 and 0.158/100,000, respectively. The annual mortality was under 0.095/100,000 for these years. Although the whole province was in danger of JE, the Diqing autonomous prefecture and the Lijiang autonomous prefecture had no JE cases recorded for over 10 years. The JE cases were reported by hospitals located in 60 counties of 14 municipalities. The top ten areas with the most JE cases were Kunming City, Zhaotong City, Jinghong City, Wenshan City, Mangshi City, Pu'er City, Baoshan City, Dali City, Chuxiong City, and Gejiu City. The incidence declined smoothly, with a peak occurring from June to September, which accounted for 96.1% of the total cases. Children whose age was equal or less than 10 years old (LEQ10) still maintained a high frequency of JEV infection, and a large number of cases were reported in August, despite the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which was established in April 2008. There was no difference in the quantity of cases between the two groups (t = -0.411, P>0.05); additionally, the number of JE cases among patients LEQ10 were significantly greater than those among patients older than 10 years (GTR10). Further analysis using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that the distribution of JE exhibited a high-high cluster characteristic (Z = 2.06, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0231661 |
| format | Article |
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This study explored and described the spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases observed among two different age groups in Yunnan Province from 2007 to 2017. The epidemiological features and spatial features were analyzed according to basic statistics, ArcGIS software (version 9.3; ESRI, Redlands, CA) and SPSS software (version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York).
Overall, the whole province had a high incidence of JE. The annual incidence rates in 2007 and 2017 were 1.668/100,000 and 0.158/100,000, respectively. The annual mortality was under 0.095/100,000 for these years. Although the whole province was in danger of JE, the Diqing autonomous prefecture and the Lijiang autonomous prefecture had no JE cases recorded for over 10 years. The JE cases were reported by hospitals located in 60 counties of 14 municipalities. The top ten areas with the most JE cases were Kunming City, Zhaotong City, Jinghong City, Wenshan City, Mangshi City, Pu'er City, Baoshan City, Dali City, Chuxiong City, and Gejiu City. The incidence declined smoothly, with a peak occurring from June to September, which accounted for 96.1% of the total cases. Children whose age was equal or less than 10 years old (LEQ10) still maintained a high frequency of JEV infection, and a large number of cases were reported in August, despite the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which was established in April 2008. There was no difference in the quantity of cases between the two groups (t = -0.411, P>0.05); additionally, the number of JE cases among patients LEQ10 were significantly greater than those among patients older than 10 years (GTR10). Further analysis using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that the distribution of JE exhibited a high-high cluster characteristic (Z = 2.06, P<0.05), which showed that Jinghong City, Guangnan County, Yanshan County, Funing County, and Mengzi City were hot spots for the JE epidemic.
Although the EPI was established in 2008 and the incidence of JE declined smoothly in Yunnan Province, there was no difference in the number of cases between the two age groups, which reveals that the EPI has been conducted with a low level success. In the context of limited vaccine supply capacity, we should strengthen the implementation of the children's immunization program before strengthening other immunization programs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231661</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32287313</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Children ; Computer programs ; Control methods ; Data collection ; Disease hot spots ; Encephalitis ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Females ; Genotype & phenotype ; Immunization ; Infectious diseases ; Low level ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mortality ; Municipalities ; Occupations ; Parasitic diseases ; People and Places ; Software ; Spatial distribution ; Statistical analysis ; Temporal distribution ; Vaccines ; Vector-borne diseases</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231661-e0231661</ispartof><rights>2020 Mao, Zhou. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Mao, Zhou 2020 Mao, Zhou</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-fe5c71c75708940b670753eed94acfa6ae17aca6dab7cf72216194196b08315d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-fe5c71c75708940b670753eed94acfa6ae17aca6dab7cf72216194196b08315d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3154-8816</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156086/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156086/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287313$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Wang, Tian</contributor><creatorcontrib>Mao, Xianghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Hongning</creatorcontrib><title>The spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Yunnan Province, China, from 2007 to 2017</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne disease with a high prevalence in Yunnan Province, China. However, there has been a lack of a JE epidemic systematic analysis, which is urgently needed to guide control and prevention efforts.
This study explored and described the spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases observed among two different age groups in Yunnan Province from 2007 to 2017. The epidemiological features and spatial features were analyzed according to basic statistics, ArcGIS software (version 9.3; ESRI, Redlands, CA) and SPSS software (version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York).
Overall, the whole province had a high incidence of JE. The annual incidence rates in 2007 and 2017 were 1.668/100,000 and 0.158/100,000, respectively. The annual mortality was under 0.095/100,000 for these years. Although the whole province was in danger of JE, the Diqing autonomous prefecture and the Lijiang autonomous prefecture had no JE cases recorded for over 10 years. The JE cases were reported by hospitals located in 60 counties of 14 municipalities. The top ten areas with the most JE cases were Kunming City, Zhaotong City, Jinghong City, Wenshan City, Mangshi City, Pu'er City, Baoshan City, Dali City, Chuxiong City, and Gejiu City. The incidence declined smoothly, with a peak occurring from June to September, which accounted for 96.1% of the total cases. Children whose age was equal or less than 10 years old (LEQ10) still maintained a high frequency of JEV infection, and a large number of cases were reported in August, despite the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which was established in April 2008. There was no difference in the quantity of cases between the two groups (t = -0.411, P>0.05); additionally, the number of JE cases among patients LEQ10 were significantly greater than those among patients older than 10 years (GTR10). Further analysis using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that the distribution of JE exhibited a high-high cluster characteristic (Z = 2.06, P<0.05), which showed that Jinghong City, Guangnan County, Yanshan County, Funing County, and Mengzi City were hot spots for the JE epidemic.
Although the EPI was established in 2008 and the incidence of JE declined smoothly in Yunnan Province, there was no difference in the number of cases between the two age groups, which reveals that the EPI has been conducted with a low level success. In the context of limited vaccine supply capacity, we should strengthen the implementation of the children's immunization program before strengthening other immunization programs.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Computer programs</subject><subject>Control methods</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Disease hot spots</subject><subject>Encephalitis</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Low level</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Municipalities</subject><subject>Occupations</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Spatial distribution</subject><subject>Statistical 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spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Yunnan Province, China, from 2007 to 2017</title><author>Mao, Xianghua ; Zhou, Hongning</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-fe5c71c75708940b670753eed94acfa6ae17aca6dab7cf72216194196b08315d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Computer programs</topic><topic>Control methods</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Disease hot spots</topic><topic>Encephalitis</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Genotype & phenotype</topic><topic>Immunization</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Low level</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Municipalities</topic><topic>Occupations</topic><topic>Parasitic diseases</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Spatial distribution</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Temporal distribution</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mao, Xianghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Hongning</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids 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Tian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Yunnan Province, China, from 2007 to 2017</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-04-14</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0231661</spage><epage>e0231661</epage><pages>e0231661-e0231661</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne disease with a high prevalence in Yunnan Province, China. However, there has been a lack of a JE epidemic systematic analysis, which is urgently needed to guide control and prevention efforts.
This study explored and described the spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases observed among two different age groups in Yunnan Province from 2007 to 2017. The epidemiological features and spatial features were analyzed according to basic statistics, ArcGIS software (version 9.3; ESRI, Redlands, CA) and SPSS software (version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York).
Overall, the whole province had a high incidence of JE. The annual incidence rates in 2007 and 2017 were 1.668/100,000 and 0.158/100,000, respectively. The annual mortality was under 0.095/100,000 for these years. Although the whole province was in danger of JE, the Diqing autonomous prefecture and the Lijiang autonomous prefecture had no JE cases recorded for over 10 years. The JE cases were reported by hospitals located in 60 counties of 14 municipalities. The top ten areas with the most JE cases were Kunming City, Zhaotong City, Jinghong City, Wenshan City, Mangshi City, Pu'er City, Baoshan City, Dali City, Chuxiong City, and Gejiu City. The incidence declined smoothly, with a peak occurring from June to September, which accounted for 96.1% of the total cases. Children whose age was equal or less than 10 years old (LEQ10) still maintained a high frequency of JEV infection, and a large number of cases were reported in August, despite the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which was established in April 2008. There was no difference in the quantity of cases between the two groups (t = -0.411, P>0.05); additionally, the number of JE cases among patients LEQ10 were significantly greater than those among patients older than 10 years (GTR10). Further analysis using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that the distribution of JE exhibited a high-high cluster characteristic (Z = 2.06, P<0.05), which showed that Jinghong City, Guangnan County, Yanshan County, Funing County, and Mengzi City were hot spots for the JE epidemic.
Although the EPI was established in 2008 and the incidence of JE declined smoothly in Yunnan Province, there was no difference in the number of cases between the two age groups, which reveals that the EPI has been conducted with a low level success. In the context of limited vaccine supply capacity, we should strengthen the implementation of the children's immunization program before strengthening other immunization programs.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32287313</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0231661</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-8816</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Age Biology and Life Sciences Children Computer programs Control methods Data collection Disease hot spots Encephalitis Epidemics Epidemiology Females Genotype & phenotype Immunization Infectious diseases Low level Medicine and Health Sciences Mortality Municipalities Occupations Parasitic diseases People and Places Software Spatial distribution Statistical analysis Temporal distribution Vaccines Vector-borne diseases |
| title | The spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Yunnan Province, China, from 2007 to 2017 |
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