Associations of the objective built environment along the route to school with children's modes of commuting: A multilevel modelling analysis (the SLIC study)
As active commuting levels continue to decline among primary schoolchildren, evidence about which built environmental characteristics influence walking or cycling to school remains inconclusive and is strongly context-dependent. This study aimed to identify the objective built environmental drivers...
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| description | As active commuting levels continue to decline among primary schoolchildren, evidence about which built environmental characteristics influence walking or cycling to school remains inconclusive and is strongly context-dependent. This study aimed to identify the objective built environmental drivers of, and barriers to, active commuting to school for a multi-ethnic sample of 1,889 healthy primary schoolchildren (aged 5-11) in London, UK. Using cross-sectional multilevel ordered logistic regression modelling, supported by the spatial exploration of built environmental characteristics through cartography, the objective built environment was shown to be strongly implicated in children's commuting behaviour. In line with earlier research, proximity to school emerged as the prime variable associated with the choice for active commuting. However, other elements of the urban form were also significantly associated with children's use of active or passive modes of transport. High levels of accidents, crime and air pollution along the route to school were independently correlated with a lower likelihood of children walking or cycling to school. Higher average and minimum walkability and higher average densities of convenience stores along the way were independently linked to higher odds of active commuting. The significance of the relations for crime, air pollution and walkability disappeared in the fully-adjusted model including all built environmental variables. In contrast, relationships with proximity, traffic danger and the food environment were maintained in this comprehensive model. Black children, pupils with obesity, younger participants and those from high socioeconomic families were less likely to actively commute to school. There is thus a particular need to ensure that roads with high volumes of actively commuting children are kept safe and clean, and children's exposure to unhealthy food options along the way is limited. Moreover, as short commuting distances are strongly correlated with walking or cycling, providing high-quality education near residential areas might incite active transport to school. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0231478 |
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This study aimed to identify the objective built environmental drivers of, and barriers to, active commuting to school for a multi-ethnic sample of 1,889 healthy primary schoolchildren (aged 5-11) in London, UK. Using cross-sectional multilevel ordered logistic regression modelling, supported by the spatial exploration of built environmental characteristics through cartography, the objective built environment was shown to be strongly implicated in children's commuting behaviour. In line with earlier research, proximity to school emerged as the prime variable associated with the choice for active commuting. However, other elements of the urban form were also significantly associated with children's use of active or passive modes of transport. High levels of accidents, crime and air pollution along the route to school were independently correlated with a lower likelihood of children walking or cycling to school. Higher average and minimum walkability and higher average densities of convenience stores along the way were independently linked to higher odds of active commuting. The significance of the relations for crime, air pollution and walkability disappeared in the fully-adjusted model including all built environmental variables. In contrast, relationships with proximity, traffic danger and the food environment were maintained in this comprehensive model. Black children, pupils with obesity, younger participants and those from high socioeconomic families were less likely to actively commute to school. There is thus a particular need to ensure that roads with high volumes of actively commuting children are kept safe and clean, and children's exposure to unhealthy food options along the way is limited. Moreover, as short commuting distances are strongly correlated with walking or cycling, providing high-quality education near residential areas might incite active transport to school.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231478</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32271830</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Accidents ; Active transport ; Air pollution ; Atmospheric pollution ; Bicycles ; Bicycling - statistics & numerical data ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Built environment ; Built Environment - statistics & numerical data ; Cartography ; Child ; Child behavior ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Children & youth ; Childrens health ; Commuting ; Construction ; Crime ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Education ; Elementary school students ; Environment Design - statistics & numerical data ; Ethics ; Exercise ; Female ; Food ; Geography ; Humans ; London ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Motor vehicle drivers ; Multilevel Analysis ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Obesity ; People and Places ; Pollution ; Pollution dispersion ; Questionnaires ; Regression analysis ; Residence Characteristics - statistics & numerical data ; Residential areas ; Safety - statistics & numerical data ; School construction ; Schools - statistics & numerical data ; Social Sciences ; Socio-economic aspects ; Transportation - statistics & numerical data ; Urban areas ; Urban environments ; Values ; Variables ; Walking ; Walking - statistics & numerical data]]></subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231478</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Bosch et al. 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Higher average and minimum walkability and higher average densities of convenience stores along the way were independently linked to higher odds of active commuting. The significance of the relations for crime, air pollution and walkability disappeared in the fully-adjusted model including all built environmental variables. In contrast, relationships with proximity, traffic danger and the food environment were maintained in this comprehensive model. Black children, pupils with obesity, younger participants and those from high socioeconomic families were less likely to actively commute to school. There is thus a particular need to ensure that roads with high volumes of actively commuting children are kept safe and clean, and children's exposure to unhealthy food options along the way is limited. 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This study aimed to identify the objective built environmental drivers of, and barriers to, active commuting to school for a multi-ethnic sample of 1,889 healthy primary schoolchildren (aged 5-11) in London, UK. Using cross-sectional multilevel ordered logistic regression modelling, supported by the spatial exploration of built environmental characteristics through cartography, the objective built environment was shown to be strongly implicated in children's commuting behaviour. In line with earlier research, proximity to school emerged as the prime variable associated with the choice for active commuting. However, other elements of the urban form were also significantly associated with children's use of active or passive modes of transport. High levels of accidents, crime and air pollution along the route to school were independently correlated with a lower likelihood of children walking or cycling to school. Higher average and minimum walkability and higher average densities of convenience stores along the way were independently linked to higher odds of active commuting. The significance of the relations for crime, air pollution and walkability disappeared in the fully-adjusted model including all built environmental variables. In contrast, relationships with proximity, traffic danger and the food environment were maintained in this comprehensive model. Black children, pupils with obesity, younger participants and those from high socioeconomic families were less likely to actively commute to school. There is thus a particular need to ensure that roads with high volumes of actively commuting children are kept safe and clean, and children's exposure to unhealthy food options along the way is limited. Moreover, as short commuting distances are strongly correlated with walking or cycling, providing high-quality education near residential areas might incite active transport to school.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32271830</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0231478</doi><tpages>e0231478</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-7291</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2020-04, Vol.15 (4), p.e0231478 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2387997392 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Accidents Active transport Air pollution Atmospheric pollution Bicycles Bicycling - statistics & numerical data Biology and Life Sciences Built environment Built Environment - statistics & numerical data Cartography Child Child behavior Child, Preschool Children Children & youth Childrens health Commuting Construction Crime Cross-Sectional Studies Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Education Elementary school students Environment Design - statistics & numerical data Ethics Exercise Female Food Geography Humans London Male Medicine and Health Sciences Motor vehicle drivers Multilevel Analysis Nitrogen dioxide Obesity People and Places Pollution Pollution dispersion Questionnaires Regression analysis Residence Characteristics - statistics & numerical data Residential areas Safety - statistics & numerical data School construction Schools - statistics & numerical data Social Sciences Socio-economic aspects Transportation - statistics & numerical data Urban areas Urban environments Values Variables Walking Walking - statistics & numerical data |
| title | Associations of the objective built environment along the route to school with children's modes of commuting: A multilevel modelling analysis (the SLIC study) |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-24T01%3A43%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Associations%20of%20the%20objective%20built%20environment%20along%20the%20route%20to%20school%20with%20children's%20modes%20of%20commuting:%20A%20multilevel%20modelling%20analysis%20(the%20SLIC%20study)&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Bosch,%20Lander%20S%20M%20M&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0231478&rft.pages=e0231478-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0231478&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA619970140%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2387997392&rft_id=info:pmid/32271830&rft_galeid=A619970140&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_3db53135316c4b5da067f7dff6d54235&rfr_iscdi=true |