An experimental erythrocyte rigidity index (Ri) and its correlations with Transcranial Doppler velocities (TAMMV), Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width (RDW)
Brain artery velocities (Time-Averaged Maximum Mean Velocity, TAMMV) by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), hematocrit, hemoglobin, Red blood cell (RBC) Distribution Width (RDW) and RBC rigidity index (Ri), when reported together with their correlations, provide a accurate and useful diagnostic picture than...
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| description | Brain artery velocities (Time-Averaged Maximum Mean Velocity, TAMMV) by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), hematocrit, hemoglobin, Red blood cell (RBC) Distribution Width (RDW) and RBC rigidity index (Ri), when reported together with their correlations, provide a accurate and useful diagnostic picture than blood viscosity measurements alone. Additionally, our study included a sixth parameter provided by TCD, the Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, which is an indicator of CBF (Cerebral Blood Flow) resistance. All these parameters are routine in Hematology except for values of Ri. The rigidity (Ri) of the RBC is the main rheological characteristic of the blood of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) patients and several pathologies. However, its quantification depends on many commercial and experimental techniques, none disseminated and predominant around the World. The difference in absorbance values of the blood, during the process of sedimentation in a microwell of a Microplate Reader, is a straightforward way of semi-quantifying the RBC rigidity Ri, since the fraction of irreversibly sickled red blood cells does not form rouleaux. Erythrocyte Rigidity Index (Ri) was calculated using initial absorbance Ainitial (6 s) and final Afinal (540 s), Ri = 1 / (Ai-Af). The Ri of 119 patients (2-17 y / o, M & F) SCA, SCC (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin C), SCD (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin D), Sβ0thal (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin Beta Zero Thalassemia) and 71 blood donors (20-65 y / o, M & F) were measured in our laboratory while the five parameters (TAMMV and PI by TCD, Hct, Hb and RDW) were obtained from medical records. The in vitro addition of hydroxyurea (HU, 50mg /dl, n = 51 patients, and n = 8 healthy donors) in the samples decreased the rouleaux adhesion strength of both donor and patients' blood samples, leading to extraordinarily high Ri values. The correlation between the studied parameters was especially significant for the direct relationships between Ri, TAMMV, and PI. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0229105 |
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Additionally, our study included a sixth parameter provided by TCD, the Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, which is an indicator of CBF (Cerebral Blood Flow) resistance. All these parameters are routine in Hematology except for values of Ri. The rigidity (Ri) of the RBC is the main rheological characteristic of the blood of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) patients and several pathologies. However, its quantification depends on many commercial and experimental techniques, none disseminated and predominant around the World. The difference in absorbance values of the blood, during the process of sedimentation in a microwell of a Microplate Reader, is a straightforward way of semi-quantifying the RBC rigidity Ri, since the fraction of irreversibly sickled red blood cells does not form rouleaux. Erythrocyte Rigidity Index (Ri) was calculated using initial absorbance Ainitial (6 s) and final Afinal (540 s), Ri = 1 / (Ai-Af). The Ri of 119 patients (2-17 y / o, M & F) SCA, SCC (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin C), SCD (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin D), Sβ0thal (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin Beta Zero Thalassemia) and 71 blood donors (20-65 y / o, M & F) were measured in our laboratory while the five parameters (TAMMV and PI by TCD, Hct, Hb and RDW) were obtained from medical records. The in vitro addition of hydroxyurea (HU, 50mg /dl, n = 51 patients, and n = 8 healthy donors) in the samples decreased the rouleaux adhesion strength of both donor and patients' blood samples, leading to extraordinarily high Ri values. The correlation between the studied parameters was especially significant for the direct relationships between Ri, TAMMV, and PI.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229105</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32084188</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Absorbance ; Adhesive strength ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anemia ; Anemia, Sickle Cell - metabolism ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood ; Blood cells ; Blood donors ; Blood flow ; Blood Flow Velocity - physiology ; Blood tests ; Cerebral blood flow ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Correlation ; Correlation analysis ; Cytoplasm ; Diagnostic systems ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ; Erythrocytes ; Erythrocytes - cytology ; Erythrocytes - metabolism ; Female ; Flow resistance ; Hematocrit ; Hematology ; Hemoglobin ; Hemoglobins - metabolism ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea ; Lasers ; Leg ulcers ; Male ; Medical records ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Parameters ; Physical Sciences ; Polymerization ; Researchers ; Rheological properties ; Rheology ; Rigidity ; Sedimentation ; Sickle cell anemia ; Sickle cell disease ; Thalassemia ; Ultrasound ; Veins & arteries ; Velocity ; Viscosity ; Viscosity measurement ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-02, Vol.15 (2), p.e0229105-e0229105</ispartof><rights>2020 Antonio Valadão Cardoso. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The correlation between the studied parameters was especially significant for the direct relationships between Ri, TAMMV, and PI.</description><subject>Absorbance</subject><subject>Adhesive strength</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Anemia, Sickle Cell - metabolism</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood cells</subject><subject>Blood donors</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Blood Flow Velocity - physiology</subject><subject>Blood tests</subject><subject>Cerebral blood flow</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Correlation</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Cytoplasm</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Erythrocyte Indices</subject><subject>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate</subject><subject>Erythrocytes</subject><subject>Erythrocytes - cytology</subject><subject>Erythrocytes - metabolism</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Flow resistance</subject><subject>Hematocrit</subject><subject>Hematology</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Hemoglobins - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydroxyurea</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>Leg ulcers</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical records</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Polymerization</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Rheological properties</subject><subject>Rheology</subject><subject>Rigidity</subject><subject>Sedimentation</subject><subject>Sickle cell anemia</subject><subject>Sickle cell disease</subject><subject>Thalassemia</subject><subject>Ultrasound</subject><subject>Veins & arteries</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><subject>Viscosity measurement</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUstuEzEUHSEQLYU_QGCJTSI1wY95eDZIUQslUiuqKsBy5PHcSVw59tT2tM238jM4k7RqERvb8j33nHMfSfKe4ClhBfl8bXtnhJ521sAUU1oSnL1IDknJ6CSnmL188j5I3nh_jXHGeJ6_Tg4YxTwlnB8mf2YGwX0HTq3BBKERuE1YOSs3AZBTS9WosEHKNHCPRldqjIRpkAoeSescaBGUNR7dqbBCCyeMl_FQkebUdp0Gh25BW6mCAo9Gi9nFxa_xMTqzXiuzRJe99pFAbxXmg8Ll_BitYC2ClU6F4W2X2tbKRD0jo0M3KA4uHDRIgtaoUT44VfdD5E410cvo6vT3-G3yqhXaw7v9fZT8_PZ1cfJ9cv7jbH4yO5_IjOZhIvO2bVJO0rSMjWVc4KbIayGhzSECsMBZzUEWdUrLFpeQkSIrUp4WTQEZLzk7Sj7ueDttfbWfi68oyzEuGC1YRMx3iMaK66qLzRZuU1mhquHDumUlXFBSQ8yqa9ySsiRQphSYEJxIUmc8J3FigkauL3u1vl5Ds2uKfkb6PGLUqlra26rALC0piQSjPYGzNz34UK2V3zZSGLD94JsSiosSR-inf6D_ry7doaSz3jtoH80QXG139SGr2u5qtd_VmPbhaSGPSQ_Lyf4C5N3rOg</recordid><startdate>20200221</startdate><enddate>20200221</enddate><creator>Cardoso, Antonio Valadão</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-5157</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200221</creationdate><title>An experimental erythrocyte rigidity index (Ri) and its correlations with Transcranial Doppler velocities (TAMMV), Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width (RDW)</title><author>Cardoso, Antonio Valadão</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-c6ffd48144913738a0d76bacef6e5260a05b8ec7b429f09e517574847d7e58983</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Absorbance</topic><topic>Adhesive strength</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Anemia</topic><topic>Anemia, Sickle Cell - 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Additionally, our study included a sixth parameter provided by TCD, the Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, which is an indicator of CBF (Cerebral Blood Flow) resistance. All these parameters are routine in Hematology except for values of Ri. The rigidity (Ri) of the RBC is the main rheological characteristic of the blood of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) patients and several pathologies. However, its quantification depends on many commercial and experimental techniques, none disseminated and predominant around the World. The difference in absorbance values of the blood, during the process of sedimentation in a microwell of a Microplate Reader, is a straightforward way of semi-quantifying the RBC rigidity Ri, since the fraction of irreversibly sickled red blood cells does not form rouleaux. Erythrocyte Rigidity Index (Ri) was calculated using initial absorbance Ainitial (6 s) and final Afinal (540 s), Ri = 1 / (Ai-Af). The Ri of 119 patients (2-17 y / o, M & F) SCA, SCC (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin C), SCD (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin D), Sβ0thal (Sickle Cell/hemoglobin Beta Zero Thalassemia) and 71 blood donors (20-65 y / o, M & F) were measured in our laboratory while the five parameters (TAMMV and PI by TCD, Hct, Hb and RDW) were obtained from medical records. The in vitro addition of hydroxyurea (HU, 50mg /dl, n = 51 patients, and n = 8 healthy donors) in the samples decreased the rouleaux adhesion strength of both donor and patients' blood samples, leading to extraordinarily high Ri values. The correlation between the studied parameters was especially significant for the direct relationships between Ri, TAMMV, and PI.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32084188</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0229105</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-5157</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | Electronic Journals Library; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; PubMed Central; Directory of Open Access Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Absorbance Adhesive strength Adolescent Adult Aged Anemia Anemia, Sickle Cell - metabolism Biology and Life Sciences Blood Blood cells Blood donors Blood flow Blood Flow Velocity - physiology Blood tests Cerebral blood flow Child Child, Preschool Correlation Correlation analysis Cytoplasm Diagnostic systems Erythrocyte Indices Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Erythrocytes Erythrocytes - cytology Erythrocytes - metabolism Female Flow resistance Hematocrit Hematology Hemoglobin Hemoglobins - metabolism Humans Hydroxyurea Lasers Leg ulcers Male Medical records Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Parameters Physical Sciences Polymerization Researchers Rheological properties Rheology Rigidity Sedimentation Sickle cell anemia Sickle cell disease Thalassemia Ultrasound Veins & arteries Velocity Viscosity Viscosity measurement Young Adult |
| title | An experimental erythrocyte rigidity index (Ri) and its correlations with Transcranial Doppler velocities (TAMMV), Gosling Pulsatility Index PI, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width (RDW) |
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