Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis
Psilocybin, a substance mainly found in mushrooms of the genus psilocybe, has been historically used for ritualistic, recreational and, more recently, medicinal purposes. The scientific literature suggests low toxicity, low risk of addiction, overdose, or other causes of injury commonly caused by su...
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| creator | Bienemann, Bheatrix Ruschel, Nina Stamato Campos, Maria Luiza Negreiros, Marco Aurélio Mograbi, Daniel C |
| description | Psilocybin, a substance mainly found in mushrooms of the genus psilocybe, has been historically used for ritualistic, recreational and, more recently, medicinal purposes. The scientific literature suggests low toxicity, low risk of addiction, overdose, or other causes of injury commonly caused by substances of abuse, with growing interest in the use of this substance for conditions such as treatment-resistant depression. However, the presence of negative outcomes linked to psilocybin use is not clear yet. The objective of this study is to investigate the negative effects of psilocybin consumption, according to the users' own perception through self-reports extracted from an online platform. 346 reports were analyzed with the assistance of the IRAMUTEQ textual analysis software, adopting the procedures of Descending Hierarchical Classification, Correspondence Factor Analysis and Specificities Analysis. The text segments were grouped in 4 main clusters, describing thinking distortions, emergencies, perceptual alterations and the administration of the substance. Bad trips were more frequent in female users, being associated with thinking distortions. The use of multiple doses of psilocybin in the same session or its combination with other substances was linked to the occurrence of long-term negative outcomes, while the use of mushrooms in single high doses was linked to medical emergencies. These results can be useful for a better understanding of the effects of psilocybin use, guiding harm-reduction initiatives. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0229067 |
| format | Article |
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The scientific literature suggests low toxicity, low risk of addiction, overdose, or other causes of injury commonly caused by substances of abuse, with growing interest in the use of this substance for conditions such as treatment-resistant depression. However, the presence of negative outcomes linked to psilocybin use is not clear yet. The objective of this study is to investigate the negative effects of psilocybin consumption, according to the users' own perception through self-reports extracted from an online platform. 346 reports were analyzed with the assistance of the IRAMUTEQ textual analysis software, adopting the procedures of Descending Hierarchical Classification, Correspondence Factor Analysis and Specificities Analysis. The text segments were grouped in 4 main clusters, describing thinking distortions, emergencies, perceptual alterations and the administration of the substance. Bad trips were more frequent in female users, being associated with thinking distortions. The use of multiple doses of psilocybin in the same session or its combination with other substances was linked to the occurrence of long-term negative outcomes, while the use of mushrooms in single high doses was linked to medical emergencies. These results can be useful for a better understanding of the effects of psilocybin use, guiding harm-reduction initiatives.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229067</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32084160</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Addictions ; Agaricales - chemistry ; Anxiety ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Drug abuse ; Drug dosages ; Emergencies ; Emergency medical services ; Factor analysis ; Female ; Hallucinogenic mushrooms ; Hallucinogens - chemistry ; Harm reduction ; Health aspects ; Humans ; LSD ; Lysergic acid diethylamide ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental health ; Mushrooms ; Overdose ; Patient outcomes ; Physical Sciences ; Psilocybin ; Psilocybin - chemistry ; Qualitative research ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Science literature ; Self care (Health) ; Self Report ; Social Sciences ; Software ; Toxicity ; Variables ; Websites</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-02, Vol.15 (2), p.e0229067-e0229067</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Bienemann et al. 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The use of multiple doses of psilocybin in the same session or its combination with other substances was linked to the occurrence of long-term negative outcomes, while the use of mushrooms in single high doses was linked to medical emergencies. These results can be useful for a better understanding of the effects of psilocybin use, guiding harm-reduction initiatives.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32084160</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0229067</doi><tpages>e0229067</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-2984</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Addictions Agaricales - chemistry Anxiety Biology and Life Sciences Drug abuse Drug dosages Emergencies Emergency medical services Factor analysis Female Hallucinogenic mushrooms Hallucinogens - chemistry Harm reduction Health aspects Humans LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide Male Medicine and Health Sciences Mental health Mushrooms Overdose Patient outcomes Physical Sciences Psilocybin Psilocybin - chemistry Qualitative research Research and Analysis Methods Science literature Self care (Health) Self Report Social Sciences Software Toxicity Variables Websites |
| title | Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis |
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