Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy
In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and posto...
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creator | Hernández-Avalos, Ismael Valverde, Alexander Ibancovichi-Camarillo, José Antonio Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro Recillas-Morales, Sergio Osorio-Avalos, Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez, Desiderio Miranda-Cortés, Agatha Elisa |
description | In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol, meloxicam, and carprofen in bitches submitted to an ovariohysterectomy using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) and Pain Scale of the University of Melbourne (UMPS) scoring systems.
Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery.
All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours.
Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0223697 |
format | Article |
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Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery.
All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours.
Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223697</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32059002</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acetaminophen ; Acetaminophen - therapeutic use ; Analgesia ; Analgesia - methods ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Anti-inflammatory agents ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use ; Biochemistry ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Carbazoles - therapeutic use ; Cardiorespiratory Fitness ; Carprofen ; Comparative analysis ; Dogs ; Domestic cats ; Drug dosages ; Evaluation ; Female ; Health aspects ; Hysterectomy - methods ; Hysterectomy - veterinary ; Inflammation ; Intravenous administration ; Kidney Function Tests ; Liver ; Liver Function Tests ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Meloxicam ; Meloxicam - therapeutic use ; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ; Ovariectomy - methods ; Ovariectomy - veterinary ; Pain ; Pain management ; Pain perception ; Pain, Postoperative - diagnosis ; Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy ; Paracetamol ; Parameters ; Pharmacology ; Physiology ; Postoperative pain ; Renal function ; Studies ; Surgery ; Veterinary colleges ; Veterinary medicine</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-02, Vol.15 (2), p.e0223697-e0223697</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Hernández-Avalos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 Hernández-Avalos et al 2020 Hernández-Avalos et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-fe0c8cf1294d56ff1ff7d94767ef11d8385821b75ae37c959bbfb475b7f345fb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-fe0c8cf1294d56ff1ff7d94767ef11d8385821b75ae37c959bbfb475b7f345fb3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4271-2906 ; 0000-0003-1760-687X ; 0000-0002-6511-6595</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021320/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021320/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32059002$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Farag, Ehab</contributor><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Avalos, Ismael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valverde, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ibancovichi-Camarillo, José Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Recillas-Morales, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osorio-Avalos, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodríguez-Velázquez, Desiderio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miranda-Cortés, Agatha Elisa</creatorcontrib><title>Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol, meloxicam, and carprofen in bitches submitted to an ovariohysterectomy using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) and Pain Scale of the University of Melbourne (UMPS) scoring systems.
Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery.
All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours.
Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety.</description><subject>Acetaminophen</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Analgesia</subject><subject>Analgesia - methods</subject><subject>Analgesics</subject><subject>Anesthesia</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-inflammatory agents</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Carbazoles - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Cardiorespiratory Fitness</subject><subject>Carprofen</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Domestic cats</subject><subject>Drug dosages</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hysterectomy - methods</subject><subject>Hysterectomy - veterinary</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Intravenous administration</subject><subject>Kidney Function Tests</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver Function Tests</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Meloxicam</subject><subject>Meloxicam - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</subject><subject>Ovariectomy - methods</subject><subject>Ovariectomy - veterinary</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Pain management</subject><subject>Pain perception</subject><subject>Pain, Postoperative - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy</subject><subject>Paracetamol</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Postoperative pain</subject><subject>Renal function</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Veterinary colleges</subject><subject>Veterinary medicine</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk9tq3DAQhk1padK0b1BaQaG00N3aluXDTSGEHgKBQE-3QpZHXgVZ40jykn3OvlDl3U3IllwUX9geffP_I40mSV5m6TKjVfbxCidnhVmOaGGZ5jktm-pRcpw1NF-UeUof3_s-Sp55f5WmjNZl-TQ5onnKmjTNj5M_Z0ZbLYUhsBZmEkGjJajIiD7gCC4G1kBENOrBa_GBSOE6jQ78qOMiug0ZhRMDBHA-ch2RK2EjS7QlJua6bdBBVCBqsnJrEMAHv7WJuRKCGNAQiUP8hY4EJAMYvIllDTtJ4UaHCuws2mHvyWQ7cD1q2xNcC6dxtfGxApABh83z5IkSxsOL_fsk-fXl88-zb4uLy6_nZ6cXC1k2eVgoSGUtVZY3RcdKpTKlqq4pqrIClWVdTWtW51lbMQG0kg1r2la1RcXaStGCqZaeJK93uqNBz_f98DynjOUVbRiLxPmO6FBc8dHpQbgNR6H5NoCu58IFLQ3wooU8WhUty0VRKxpbxzJZzQ0TaQdF1Pq0d5vaAToJNjhhDkQPV6xe8R7XvErzLDY8CrzbCzi8nmIH-KC9BGOEBZx2dTdlmVZz3W_-QR_e3Z7qRdyAtgqjr5xF-WmZ0SZeSlZHavkAFZ8OBi3j5VU6xg8S3h8kRCbATejF5D0___H9_9nL34fs23vsCoQJK49mmm-kPwSLHSgdeu9A3R1ylvJ59m5Pg8-zx_ezF9Ne3W_QXdLtsNG_IuowOg</recordid><startdate>20200214</startdate><enddate>20200214</enddate><creator>Hernández-Avalos, Ismael</creator><creator>Valverde, Alexander</creator><creator>Ibancovichi-Camarillo, José Antonio</creator><creator>Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro</creator><creator>Recillas-Morales, Sergio</creator><creator>Osorio-Avalos, Jorge</creator><creator>Rodríguez-Velázquez, Desiderio</creator><creator>Miranda-Cortés, Agatha Elisa</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-2906</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-687X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6511-6595</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200214</creationdate><title>Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy</title><author>Hernández-Avalos, Ismael ; Valverde, Alexander ; Ibancovichi-Camarillo, José Antonio ; Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro ; Recillas-Morales, Sergio ; Osorio-Avalos, Jorge ; Rodríguez-Velázquez, Desiderio ; Miranda-Cortés, Agatha Elisa</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-fe0c8cf1294d56ff1ff7d94767ef11d8385821b75ae37c959bbfb475b7f345fb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Acetaminophen</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Analgesia</topic><topic>Analgesia - methods</topic><topic>Analgesics</topic><topic>Anesthesia</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-inflammatory agents</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Carbazoles - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Cardiorespiratory Fitness</topic><topic>Carprofen</topic><topic>Comparative analysis</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>Domestic cats</topic><topic>Drug dosages</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hysterectomy - methods</topic><topic>Hysterectomy - veterinary</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Intravenous administration</topic><topic>Kidney Function Tests</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Liver Function Tests</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Meloxicam</topic><topic>Meloxicam - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</topic><topic>Ovariectomy - 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Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hernández-Avalos, Ismael</au><au>Valverde, Alexander</au><au>Ibancovichi-Camarillo, José Antonio</au><au>Sánchez-Aparicio, Pedro</au><au>Recillas-Morales, Sergio</au><au>Osorio-Avalos, Jorge</au><au>Rodríguez-Velázquez, Desiderio</au><au>Miranda-Cortés, Agatha Elisa</au><au>Farag, Ehab</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-02-14</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0223697</spage><epage>e0223697</epage><pages>e0223697-e0223697</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol, meloxicam, and carprofen in bitches submitted to an ovariohysterectomy using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) and Pain Scale of the University of Melbourne (UMPS) scoring systems.
Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery.
All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours.
Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32059002</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0223697</doi><tpages>e0223697</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-2906</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1760-687X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6511-6595</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
ispartof | PloS one, 2020-02, Vol.15 (2), p.e0223697-e0223697 |
issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2355273955 |
source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Acetaminophen Acetaminophen - therapeutic use Analgesia Analgesia - methods Analgesics Anesthesia Animals Anti-inflammatory agents Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use Biochemistry Biology and Life Sciences Carbazoles - therapeutic use Cardiorespiratory Fitness Carprofen Comparative analysis Dogs Domestic cats Drug dosages Evaluation Female Health aspects Hysterectomy - methods Hysterectomy - veterinary Inflammation Intravenous administration Kidney Function Tests Liver Liver Function Tests Medicine and Health Sciences Meloxicam Meloxicam - therapeutic use Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Ovariectomy - methods Ovariectomy - veterinary Pain Pain management Pain perception Pain, Postoperative - diagnosis Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy Paracetamol Parameters Pharmacology Physiology Postoperative pain Renal function Studies Surgery Veterinary colleges Veterinary medicine |
title | Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy |
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