From dangerous branches to urban banyan: Facilitating aerial root growth of Ficus rubiginosa
Large urban trees have many benefits. However, falling branches pose a serious hazard to both people and infrastructure. In several tree species, aerial roots grow down from branches to the ground. These roots are capable of thickening to support the branches, lessening the risk of tree failure. Unf...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2019-12, Vol.14 (12), p.e0226845-e0226845 |
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| creator | Moles, Angela T Jagdish, Ashika Wu, Yameng Gooley, Suzanna Dalrymple, Rhiannon L Feng, Phoebe Auld, Jennifer Badgery, Georgia Balding, Matilda Bell, Andrew Campbell, Nora Clark, Mark Clark, Michelle Crawford, Kyle M de Lorenzo, Oliver Fletcher, Amelia Ford, Zoe Fort, Haley Gorta, Simon B Z Hagan, Alexander Hemmings, Frank A Hoban, Gabriella S Hulme, Thomasine King, Kit Kumar, Anish Kyriazis, Angelique Laitly, Beatrice Alexandra Markovski, Joshua Martin, Len McDonnell, Geoffrey Pan, Cindy Paroissien, Ruby Reeves-Perrin, Polly Sano, Michi Schwarz, Sebastian M Sipka, Alena Sullings, Michael Yeong, Jing Wei Cornwell, William K |
| description | Large urban trees have many benefits. However, falling branches pose a serious hazard to both people and infrastructure. In several tree species, aerial roots grow down from branches to the ground. These roots are capable of thickening to support the branches, lessening the risk of tree failure. Unfortunately, in urban environments most aerial roots die before reaching the ground. Here, we report a new method for encouraging aerial roots to reach the ground, developed by the second-year botany class at UNSW Sydney. Our class tested three experimental treatments on aerial roots of Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. (Port Jackson Fig)-PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss, PVC pipes filled with potting mix, and PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss and topped with funnels to catch extra rainwater. All three treatments significantly improved aerial root growth, with 26 of the 30 (87%) treatment roots reaching the ground after one year compared to 0 of the 10 control roots. Our method was successful for roots up to 3 m above the ground, suggesting the potential growth rate of aerial roots is substantial when conditions are favourable. Our novel approach is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to slings and other artificial supports. This project is an example of using undergraduate practical classes to teach science while simultaneously addressing important real-world problems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0226845 |
| format | Article |
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However, falling branches pose a serious hazard to both people and infrastructure. In several tree species, aerial roots grow down from branches to the ground. These roots are capable of thickening to support the branches, lessening the risk of tree failure. Unfortunately, in urban environments most aerial roots die before reaching the ground. Here, we report a new method for encouraging aerial roots to reach the ground, developed by the second-year botany class at UNSW Sydney. Our class tested three experimental treatments on aerial roots of Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. (Port Jackson Fig)-PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss, PVC pipes filled with potting mix, and PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss and topped with funnels to catch extra rainwater. All three treatments significantly improved aerial root growth, with 26 of the 30 (87%) treatment roots reaching the ground after one year compared to 0 of the 10 control roots. Our method was successful for roots up to 3 m above the ground, suggesting the potential growth rate of aerial roots is substantial when conditions are favourable. Our novel approach is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to slings and other artificial supports. This project is an example of using undergraduate practical classes to teach science while simultaneously addressing important real-world problems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226845</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31887183</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Australia ; Biological Phenomena ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Botany ; Branches ; Cyclones ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Environmental science ; Ficus - anatomy & histology ; Ficus rubiginosa ; Funnels ; Growth rate ; Horticulture - methods ; Mosses ; People and Places ; Physical Sciences ; Pipes ; Plant Components, Aerial - growth & development ; Plant growth ; Plant Roots - growth & development ; Plant species ; Polyvinyl Chloride ; Rain water ; Roots ; Sphagnopsida ; Thickening ; Trees ; Urban areas ; Urban environments ; World problems</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-12, Vol.14 (12), p.e0226845-e0226845</ispartof><rights>2019 Moles et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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However, falling branches pose a serious hazard to both people and infrastructure. In several tree species, aerial roots grow down from branches to the ground. These roots are capable of thickening to support the branches, lessening the risk of tree failure. Unfortunately, in urban environments most aerial roots die before reaching the ground. Here, we report a new method for encouraging aerial roots to reach the ground, developed by the second-year botany class at UNSW Sydney. Our class tested three experimental treatments on aerial roots of Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. (Port Jackson Fig)-PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss, PVC pipes filled with potting mix, and PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss and topped with funnels to catch extra rainwater. All three treatments significantly improved aerial root growth, with 26 of the 30 (87%) treatment roots reaching the ground after one year compared to 0 of the 10 control roots. Our method was successful for roots up to 3 m above the ground, suggesting the potential growth rate of aerial roots is substantial when conditions are favourable. Our novel approach is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to slings and other artificial supports. This project is an example of using undergraduate practical classes to teach science while simultaneously addressing important real-world problems.</description><subject>Australia</subject><subject>Biological Phenomena</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Botany</subject><subject>Branches</subject><subject>Cyclones</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Ficus - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Ficus rubiginosa</subject><subject>Funnels</subject><subject>Growth rate</subject><subject>Horticulture - methods</subject><subject>Mosses</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Pipes</subject><subject>Plant Components, Aerial - growth & development</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plant Roots - growth & development</subject><subject>Plant species</subject><subject>Polyvinyl Chloride</subject><subject>Rain 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Suzanna</au><au>Dalrymple, Rhiannon L</au><au>Feng, Phoebe</au><au>Auld, Jennifer</au><au>Badgery, Georgia</au><au>Balding, Matilda</au><au>Bell, Andrew</au><au>Campbell, Nora</au><au>Clark, Mark</au><au>Clark, Michelle</au><au>Crawford, Kyle M</au><au>de Lorenzo, Oliver</au><au>Fletcher, Amelia</au><au>Ford, Zoe</au><au>Fort, Haley</au><au>Gorta, Simon B Z</au><au>Hagan, Alexander</au><au>Hemmings, Frank A</au><au>Hoban, Gabriella S</au><au>Hulme, Thomasine</au><au>King, Kit</au><au>Kumar, Anish</au><au>Kyriazis, Angelique</au><au>Laitly, Beatrice Alexandra</au><au>Markovski, Joshua</au><au>Martin, Len</au><au>McDonnell, Geoffrey</au><au>Pan, Cindy</au><au>Paroissien, Ruby</au><au>Reeves-Perrin, Polly</au><au>Sano, Michi</au><au>Schwarz, Sebastian M</au><au>Sipka, Alena</au><au>Sullings, Michael</au><au>Yeong, Jing Wei</au><au>Cornwell, William K</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>From dangerous branches to urban banyan: Facilitating aerial root growth of Ficus rubiginosa</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-12-30</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e0226845</spage><epage>e0226845</epage><pages>e0226845-e0226845</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Large urban trees have many benefits. However, falling branches pose a serious hazard to both people and infrastructure. In several tree species, aerial roots grow down from branches to the ground. These roots are capable of thickening to support the branches, lessening the risk of tree failure. Unfortunately, in urban environments most aerial roots die before reaching the ground. Here, we report a new method for encouraging aerial roots to reach the ground, developed by the second-year botany class at UNSW Sydney. Our class tested three experimental treatments on aerial roots of Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. (Port Jackson Fig)-PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss, PVC pipes filled with potting mix, and PVC pipes filled with sphagnum moss and topped with funnels to catch extra rainwater. All three treatments significantly improved aerial root growth, with 26 of the 30 (87%) treatment roots reaching the ground after one year compared to 0 of the 10 control roots. Our method was successful for roots up to 3 m above the ground, suggesting the potential growth rate of aerial roots is substantial when conditions are favourable. Our novel approach is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to slings and other artificial supports. This project is an example of using undergraduate practical classes to teach science while simultaneously addressing important real-world problems.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31887183</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0226845</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-2724</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7753-556X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-7762</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2019-12, Vol.14 (12), p.e0226845-e0226845 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2331420288 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Australia Biological Phenomena Biology and Life Sciences Botany Branches Cyclones Ecology and Environmental Sciences Environmental science Ficus - anatomy & histology Ficus rubiginosa Funnels Growth rate Horticulture - methods Mosses People and Places Physical Sciences Pipes Plant Components, Aerial - growth & development Plant growth Plant Roots - growth & development Plant species Polyvinyl Chloride Rain water Roots Sphagnopsida Thickening Trees Urban areas Urban environments World problems |
| title | From dangerous branches to urban banyan: Facilitating aerial root growth of Ficus rubiginosa |
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