Sex differences in youth elite swimming
The timing and magnitude of sex differences in athletic performance during early human development, prior to adulthood, is unknown. To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance. We collected...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2019-11, Vol.14 (11), p.e0225724-e0225724 |
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| creator | Senefeld, Jonathon W Clayburn, Andrew J Baker, Sarah E Carter, Rickey E Johnson, Patrick W Joyner, Michael J |
| description | The timing and magnitude of sex differences in athletic performance during early human development, prior to adulthood, is unknown.
To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance.
We collected the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performance times of boys and girls age 5 to 18 years for the 50m to 1500m events.
Swimming performance improved with increasing age for boys and girls (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0225724 |
| format | Article |
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To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance.
We collected the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performance times of boys and girls age 5 to 18 years for the 50m to 1500m events.
Swimming performance improved with increasing age for boys and girls (p<0.001) until reaching a plateau, which initiated at a younger age for girls (15 years) than boys (17 years; sex×age; p<0.001). Prior to age 10, the top 5 swimming records for girls were 3% faster than the top boys (p<0.001). For the 10th-50th places, however, there were no sex-related differences in swimming performance prior to age 10 (p = 0.227). For both the top 5 and 10th-50th places, the sex difference in performance increased from age 10 (top 5, 2.5%; 10th-50th places, 1.0%) until age 17 (top 5, 7.6%; 10th-50th places, 8.0%). For all places, the sex difference in performance at age 18 was larger for sprint events (9.6%; 50-200m) than endurance events (7.1%; 400-1500m; p<0.001). Additionally, the sex-related difference in performance increased across age and US ranking from 2.4% for 1st place to 4.3% for 100th place (p<0.001), indicating less depth of performance in girls than boys. However, annual participation was ~20% higher in girls than boys for all ages (p<0.001).
The top 5 girls demonstrated faster swimming velocities and the 10th-50th place girls demonstrated similar swimming velocities than boys (until ~10 years). After age 10, however, boys demonstrated increasingly faster swimming velocities than girls until 17 years. Collectively, these data suggest girls are faster, or at least not slower, than boys prior to the performance-enhancing effects of puberty.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225724</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31756208</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age ; Androgens ; Anesthesiology ; Athletic Performance ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Boys ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children & youth ; Chromatography ; Divergence ; Endurance ; Female ; Gender aspects ; Gender differences ; Girls ; Health sciences ; Hemoglobin ; Human development ; Human performance ; Humans ; Male ; Marathons ; Mass spectrometry ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Nutrition ; Participation ; People and Places ; Physiology ; Puberty ; Running ; Scientific imaging ; Sex ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex differences ; Social Sciences ; Swimming ; Testosterone ; Testosterone - blood ; Track & field ; Velocity ; Women ; Youth</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-11, Vol.14 (11), p.e0225724-e0225724</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Senefeld et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Senefeld et al 2019 Senefeld et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ce87a317bf5bd4e971efa90b3905da63a169051fcadc1fc0cb46a57d4415cce63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ce87a317bf5bd4e971efa90b3905da63a169051fcadc1fc0cb46a57d4415cce63</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8116-3538 ; 0000-0001-8729-1805 ; 0000-0002-0818-273X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874329/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874329/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23847,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31756208$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Boullosa, Daniel</contributor><creatorcontrib>Senefeld, Jonathon W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clayburn, Andrew J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Sarah E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carter, Rickey E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Patrick W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Joyner, Michael J</creatorcontrib><title>Sex differences in youth elite swimming</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description><![CDATA[The timing and magnitude of sex differences in athletic performance during early human development, prior to adulthood, is unknown.
To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance.
We collected the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performance times of boys and girls age 5 to 18 years for the 50m to 1500m events.
Swimming performance improved with increasing age for boys and girls (p<0.001) until reaching a plateau, which initiated at a younger age for girls (15 years) than boys (17 years; sex×age; p<0.001). Prior to age 10, the top 5 swimming records for girls were 3% faster than the top boys (p<0.001). For the 10th-50th places, however, there were no sex-related differences in swimming performance prior to age 10 (p = 0.227). For both the top 5 and 10th-50th places, the sex difference in performance increased from age 10 (top 5, 2.5%; 10th-50th places, 1.0%) until age 17 (top 5, 7.6%; 10th-50th places, 8.0%). For all places, the sex difference in performance at age 18 was larger for sprint events (9.6%; 50-200m) than endurance events (7.1%; 400-1500m; p<0.001). Additionally, the sex-related difference in performance increased across age and US ranking from 2.4% for 1st place to 4.3% for 100th place (p<0.001), indicating less depth of performance in girls than boys. However, annual participation was ~20% higher in girls than boys for all ages (p<0.001).
The top 5 girls demonstrated faster swimming velocities and the 10th-50th place girls demonstrated similar swimming velocities than boys (until ~10 years). After age 10, however, boys demonstrated increasingly faster swimming velocities than girls until 17 years. Collectively, these data suggest girls are faster, or at least not slower, than boys prior to the performance-enhancing effects of puberty.]]></description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Androgens</subject><subject>Anesthesiology</subject><subject>Athletic Performance</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Boys</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Divergence</subject><subject>Endurance</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender aspects</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Health sciences</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Human development</subject><subject>Human performance</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marathons</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Participation</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Puberty</subject><subject>Running</subject><subject>Scientific imaging</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Sex Characteristics</subject><subject>Sex differences</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Testosterone</subject><subject>Testosterone - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Senefeld, Jonathon W</au><au>Clayburn, Andrew J</au><au>Baker, Sarah E</au><au>Carter, Rickey E</au><au>Johnson, Patrick W</au><au>Joyner, Michael J</au><au>Boullosa, Daniel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sex differences in youth elite swimming</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-11-22</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e0225724</spage><epage>e0225724</epage><pages>e0225724-e0225724</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[The timing and magnitude of sex differences in athletic performance during early human development, prior to adulthood, is unknown.
To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance.
We collected the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performance times of boys and girls age 5 to 18 years for the 50m to 1500m events.
Swimming performance improved with increasing age for boys and girls (p<0.001) until reaching a plateau, which initiated at a younger age for girls (15 years) than boys (17 years; sex×age; p<0.001). Prior to age 10, the top 5 swimming records for girls were 3% faster than the top boys (p<0.001). For the 10th-50th places, however, there were no sex-related differences in swimming performance prior to age 10 (p = 0.227). For both the top 5 and 10th-50th places, the sex difference in performance increased from age 10 (top 5, 2.5%; 10th-50th places, 1.0%) until age 17 (top 5, 7.6%; 10th-50th places, 8.0%). For all places, the sex difference in performance at age 18 was larger for sprint events (9.6%; 50-200m) than endurance events (7.1%; 400-1500m; p<0.001). Additionally, the sex-related difference in performance increased across age and US ranking from 2.4% for 1st place to 4.3% for 100th place (p<0.001), indicating less depth of performance in girls than boys. However, annual participation was ~20% higher in girls than boys for all ages (p<0.001).
The top 5 girls demonstrated faster swimming velocities and the 10th-50th place girls demonstrated similar swimming velocities than boys (until ~10 years). After age 10, however, boys demonstrated increasingly faster swimming velocities than girls until 17 years. Collectively, these data suggest girls are faster, or at least not slower, than boys prior to the performance-enhancing effects of puberty.]]></abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31756208</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0225724</doi><tpages>e0225724</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-3538</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-1805</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-273X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Age Androgens Anesthesiology Athletic Performance Biology and Life Sciences Boys Child Child, Preschool Children & youth Chromatography Divergence Endurance Female Gender aspects Gender differences Girls Health sciences Hemoglobin Human development Human performance Humans Male Marathons Mass spectrometry Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Nutrition Participation People and Places Physiology Puberty Running Scientific imaging Sex Sex Characteristics Sex differences Social Sciences Swimming Testosterone Testosterone - blood Track & field Velocity Women Youth |
| title | Sex differences in youth elite swimming |
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