Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum
Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced...
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| description | Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0222333 |
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As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222333</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31504066</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Acids ; Adjustment ; Alkalizing ; Athletes ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Chemical compounds ; Color ; Cultivation ; Culture media ; Culture Media - pharmacology ; Dermatology ; Dermatophytes ; Development and progression ; Experiments ; Fungal infections ; Fungi ; Genomes ; Genotype & phenotype ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infection ; Kinases ; Laboratories ; Media (culture) ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Microscopy ; Molecular biology ; Morphology ; Mycoses ; Nails ; Nails (Anatomy) ; Naphthoquinones - metabolism ; Organic chemistry ; Pathogenesis ; pH effects ; Physical Sciences ; Pigmentation ; Pigmentation - drug effects ; Pigments, Biological - metabolism ; Ringworm ; Risk factors ; Skin diseases ; Sodium hydroxide ; Studies ; Subcultures ; Tinea ; Tinea pedis ; Trichophyton - drug effects ; Trichophyton - growth & development ; Trichophyton - metabolism ; Trichophyton rubrum ; Wine</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-09, Vol.14 (9), p.e0222333-e0222333</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Blechert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.</description><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Adjustment</subject><subject>Alkalizing</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Chemical compounds</subject><subject>Color</subject><subject>Cultivation</subject><subject>Culture media</subject><subject>Culture Media - pharmacology</subject><subject>Dermatology</subject><subject>Dermatophytes</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Fungal infections</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Media (culture)</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Molecular biology</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Mycoses</subject><subject>Nails</subject><subject>Nails (Anatomy)</subject><subject>Naphthoquinones - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Blechert, Oliver</au><au>Zheng, Hailin</au><au>Zang, Xiaohui</au><au>Wang, Qiong</au><au>Liu, Weida</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-09-10</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0222333</spage><epage>e0222333</epage><pages>e0222333-e0222333</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31504066</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0222333</doi><tpages>e0222333</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acidification Acids Adjustment Alkalizing Athletes Biology and Life Sciences Chemical compounds Color Cultivation Culture media Culture Media - pharmacology Dermatology Dermatophytes Development and progression Experiments Fungal infections Fungi Genomes Genotype & phenotype Hospitals Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Infection Kinases Laboratories Media (culture) Medicine and Health Sciences Microscopy Molecular biology Morphology Mycoses Nails Nails (Anatomy) Naphthoquinones - metabolism Organic chemistry Pathogenesis pH effects Physical Sciences Pigmentation Pigmentation - drug effects Pigments, Biological - metabolism Ringworm Risk factors Skin diseases Sodium hydroxide Studies Subcultures Tinea Tinea pedis Trichophyton - drug effects Trichophyton - growth & development Trichophyton - metabolism Trichophyton rubrum Wine |
| title | Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum |
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