Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014-2015
During the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Liberia, contact tracing was implemented to rapidly detect new cases and prevent further transmission. We describe the scope and characteristics of contact tracing in Liberia and assess its performance during the 2014-2015 EVD epidemic. We performed a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018-09, Vol.12 (9), p.e0006762-e0006762 |
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| description | During the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Liberia, contact tracing was implemented to rapidly detect new cases and prevent further transmission. We describe the scope and characteristics of contact tracing in Liberia and assess its performance during the 2014-2015 EVD epidemic.
We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collection forms for contact tracing conducted in six counties during June 2014-July 2015. EVD case counts from situation reports in the same counties were used to assess contact tracing coverage and sensitivity. Contacts who presented with symptoms and/or died, and monitoring was stopped, were classified as "potential cases". Positive predictive value (PPV) was defined as the proportion of traced contacts who were identified as potential cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics among potential cases. We analyzed 25,830 contact tracing records for contacts who had monitoring initiated or were last exposed between June 4, 2014 and July 13, 2015. Contact tracing was initiated for 26.7% of total EVD cases and detected 3.6% of all new cases during this period. Eighty-eight percent of contacts completed monitoring, and 334 contacts were identified as potential cases (PPV = 1.4%). Potential cases were more likely to be detected early in the outbreak; hail from rural areas; report multiple exposures and symptoms; have household contact or direct bodily or fluid contact; and report nausea, fever, or weakness compared to contacts who completed monitoring.
Contact tracing was a critical intervention in Liberia and represented one of the largest contact tracing efforts during an epidemic in history. While there were notable improvements in implementation over time, these data suggest there were limitations to its performance-particularly in urban districts and during peak transmission. Recommendations for improving performance include integrated surveillance, decentralized management of multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive protocols, and community-led strategies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006762 |
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We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collection forms for contact tracing conducted in six counties during June 2014-July 2015. EVD case counts from situation reports in the same counties were used to assess contact tracing coverage and sensitivity. Contacts who presented with symptoms and/or died, and monitoring was stopped, were classified as "potential cases". Positive predictive value (PPV) was defined as the proportion of traced contacts who were identified as potential cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics among potential cases. We analyzed 25,830 contact tracing records for contacts who had monitoring initiated or were last exposed between June 4, 2014 and July 13, 2015. Contact tracing was initiated for 26.7% of total EVD cases and detected 3.6% of all new cases during this period. Eighty-eight percent of contacts completed monitoring, and 334 contacts were identified as potential cases (PPV = 1.4%). Potential cases were more likely to be detected early in the outbreak; hail from rural areas; report multiple exposures and symptoms; have household contact or direct bodily or fluid contact; and report nausea, fever, or weakness compared to contacts who completed monitoring.
Contact tracing was a critical intervention in Liberia and represented one of the largest contact tracing efforts during an epidemic in history. While there were notable improvements in implementation over time, these data suggest there were limitations to its performance-particularly in urban districts and during peak transmission. Recommendations for improving performance include integrated surveillance, decentralized management of multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive protocols, and community-led strategies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006762</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30208032</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Biology and Life Sciences ; Bivariate analysis ; Contact potentials ; Contact Tracing ; Data collection ; Diagnosis ; Disease control ; Disease prevention ; Disease transmission ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Earth Sciences ; Ebola hemorrhagic fever ; Ebola virus ; Ebolavirus ; Emerging diseases ; Epidemics ; Female ; Fever ; Health aspects ; Health surveillance ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission ; Human health and pathology ; Humans ; Identification ; Infectious diseases ; Information systems ; Liberia - epidemiology ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Monitoring ; Nausea ; Outbreaks ; People and Places ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prevention ; Protocols ; Public health ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Retrospective Studies ; Rural areas ; Santé publique et épidémiologie ; Sensitivity analysis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Signs and symptoms ; Symptoms ; Task forces ; Transmission ; Tropical diseases ; Viral diseases ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2018-09, Vol.12 (9), p.e0006762-e0006762</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Swanson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Attribution</rights><rights>2018 Swanson et al 2018 Swanson et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c658t-f3783d8074098f30272b6e367df802f7225b87abcffdee16176556e18ae87b173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c658t-f3783d8074098f30272b6e367df802f7225b87abcffdee16176556e18ae87b173</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8377-3444 ; 0000-0002-3829-5348 ; 0000-0003-4250-3696</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152989/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152989/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30208032$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03165433$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Swanson, Krista C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altare, Chiara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wesseh, Chea Sanford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyenswah, Tolbert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Tashrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eyal, Nir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamblion, Esther L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lessler, Justin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peters, David H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altmann, Mathias</creatorcontrib><title>Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014-2015</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>During the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Liberia, contact tracing was implemented to rapidly detect new cases and prevent further transmission. We describe the scope and characteristics of contact tracing in Liberia and assess its performance during the 2014-2015 EVD epidemic.
We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collection forms for contact tracing conducted in six counties during June 2014-July 2015. EVD case counts from situation reports in the same counties were used to assess contact tracing coverage and sensitivity. Contacts who presented with symptoms and/or died, and monitoring was stopped, were classified as "potential cases". Positive predictive value (PPV) was defined as the proportion of traced contacts who were identified as potential cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics among potential cases. We analyzed 25,830 contact tracing records for contacts who had monitoring initiated or were last exposed between June 4, 2014 and July 13, 2015. Contact tracing was initiated for 26.7% of total EVD cases and detected 3.6% of all new cases during this period. Eighty-eight percent of contacts completed monitoring, and 334 contacts were identified as potential cases (PPV = 1.4%). Potential cases were more likely to be detected early in the outbreak; hail from rural areas; report multiple exposures and symptoms; have household contact or direct bodily or fluid contact; and report nausea, fever, or weakness compared to contacts who completed monitoring.
Contact tracing was a critical intervention in Liberia and represented one of the largest contact tracing efforts during an epidemic in history. While there were notable improvements in implementation over time, these data suggest there were limitations to its performance-particularly in urban districts and during peak transmission. Recommendations for improving performance include integrated surveillance, decentralized management of multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive protocols, and community-led strategies.</description><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Bivariate analysis</subject><subject>Contact potentials</subject><subject>Contact Tracing</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Disease Transmission, Infectious</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ebola hemorrhagic fever</subject><subject>Ebola virus</subject><subject>Ebolavirus</subject><subject>Emerging diseases</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health surveillance</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Information systems</subject><subject>Liberia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Monitoring</subject><subject>Nausea</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Predictive Value of Tests</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Protocols</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Regression models</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Santé publique et épidémiologie</subject><subject>Sensitivity analysis</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Signs and symptoms</subject><subject>Symptoms</subject><subject>Task forces</subject><subject>Transmission</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><issn>1935-2735</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptkmuL1DAUhoso7kX_gWhBWBTsmEtz6RdhGFZ3ccAv-jmkuUwzdJIxaRf896Y73WVmWQptOH3eNydvTlG8g2ABMYNft2GMXvaLvR_0AgBAGUUvinPYYFIhhsnLo_VZcZHSFgDSEA5fF2cYIMABRufFz1Xwg1RDOUSpnN-UexNtiDvplSn1GKfS0Jnyug29LM3eabNzqnS-XLvWRCe_lAjAusov8qZ4ZWWfzNv5e1n8-X79e3VTrX_9uF0t15WihA-VxYxjzQGrQcNtboWhlhpMmbYcIMsQIi1nslXWamMghYwSQg3k0nDWQoYviw8H330fkphzSCLrEGo4R00mbg-EDnIr9tHtZPwngnTivhDiRsg4ONUbgWuCsqludAtq3fKGWYg0x4QzpYnW2evbvNvY7oxWxueo-hPT0z_edWIT7gSFJLczNfP5YNA9kd0s12KqAQwpqTG-g5n9NG8Ww9_RpEHsXFKm76U3YcxnhABTygGtM_rxCfp8EjO1kfmwztswXfRkKpaEMIppA3mmFs9Q-bm_7eCNdbl-Irg6EnRG9kOXQj8OLvh0CtYHUMWQUjT2MQEIxDTHD12LaY7FPMdZ9v449EfRw-Di__NW6pY</recordid><startdate>20180901</startdate><enddate>20180901</enddate><creator>Swanson, Krista C</creator><creator>Altare, Chiara</creator><creator>Wesseh, Chea Sanford</creator><creator>Nyenswah, Tolbert</creator><creator>Ahmed, Tashrik</creator><creator>Eyal, Nir</creator><creator>Hamblion, Esther L</creator><creator>Lessler, Justin</creator><creator>Peters, David H</creator><creator>Altmann, Mathias</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-3444</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-5348</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-3696</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180901</creationdate><title>Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014-2015</title><author>Swanson, Krista C ; Altare, Chiara ; Wesseh, Chea Sanford ; Nyenswah, Tolbert ; Ahmed, Tashrik ; Eyal, Nir ; Hamblion, Esther L ; Lessler, Justin ; Peters, David H ; Altmann, Mathias</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c658t-f3783d8074098f30272b6e367df802f7225b87abcffdee16176556e18ae87b173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Bivariate analysis</topic><topic>Contact potentials</topic><topic>Contact Tracing</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Disease Transmission, Infectious</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ebola hemorrhagic fever</topic><topic>Ebola virus</topic><topic>Ebolavirus</topic><topic>Emerging diseases</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fever</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health surveillance</topic><topic>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Identification</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Information systems</topic><topic>Liberia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Monitoring</topic><topic>Nausea</topic><topic>Outbreaks</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Predictive Value of Tests</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Protocols</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Regression models</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Santé publique et épidémiologie</topic><topic>Sensitivity analysis</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Signs and symptoms</topic><topic>Symptoms</topic><topic>Task forces</topic><topic>Transmission</topic><topic>Tropical diseases</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Swanson, Krista C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altare, Chiara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wesseh, Chea Sanford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nyenswah, Tolbert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Tashrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eyal, Nir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamblion, Esther L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lessler, Justin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peters, David H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altmann, Mathias</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Swanson, Krista C</au><au>Altare, Chiara</au><au>Wesseh, Chea Sanford</au><au>Nyenswah, Tolbert</au><au>Ahmed, Tashrik</au><au>Eyal, Nir</au><au>Hamblion, Esther L</au><au>Lessler, Justin</au><au>Peters, David H</au><au>Altmann, Mathias</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014-2015</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2018-09-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0006762</spage><epage>e0006762</epage><pages>e0006762-e0006762</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>During the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Liberia, contact tracing was implemented to rapidly detect new cases and prevent further transmission. We describe the scope and characteristics of contact tracing in Liberia and assess its performance during the 2014-2015 EVD epidemic.
We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of data collection forms for contact tracing conducted in six counties during June 2014-July 2015. EVD case counts from situation reports in the same counties were used to assess contact tracing coverage and sensitivity. Contacts who presented with symptoms and/or died, and monitoring was stopped, were classified as "potential cases". Positive predictive value (PPV) was defined as the proportion of traced contacts who were identified as potential cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics among potential cases. We analyzed 25,830 contact tracing records for contacts who had monitoring initiated or were last exposed between June 4, 2014 and July 13, 2015. Contact tracing was initiated for 26.7% of total EVD cases and detected 3.6% of all new cases during this period. Eighty-eight percent of contacts completed monitoring, and 334 contacts were identified as potential cases (PPV = 1.4%). Potential cases were more likely to be detected early in the outbreak; hail from rural areas; report multiple exposures and symptoms; have household contact or direct bodily or fluid contact; and report nausea, fever, or weakness compared to contacts who completed monitoring.
Contact tracing was a critical intervention in Liberia and represented one of the largest contact tracing efforts during an epidemic in history. While there were notable improvements in implementation over time, these data suggest there were limitations to its performance-particularly in urban districts and during peak transmission. Recommendations for improving performance include integrated surveillance, decentralized management of multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive protocols, and community-led strategies.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30208032</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0006762</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-3444</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-5348</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-3696</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2018-09, Vol.12 (9), p.e0006762-e0006762 |
| issn | 1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Biology and Life Sciences Bivariate analysis Contact potentials Contact Tracing Data collection Diagnosis Disease control Disease prevention Disease transmission Disease Transmission, Infectious Earth Sciences Ebola hemorrhagic fever Ebola virus Ebolavirus Emerging diseases Epidemics Female Fever Health aspects Health surveillance Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - epidemiology Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission Human health and pathology Humans Identification Infectious diseases Information systems Liberia - epidemiology Life Sciences Male Medicine and Health Sciences Monitoring Nausea Outbreaks People and Places Predictive Value of Tests Prevention Protocols Public health Regression analysis Regression models Retrospective Studies Rural areas Santé publique et épidémiologie Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Signs and symptoms Symptoms Task forces Transmission Tropical diseases Viral diseases Viruses |
| title | Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014-2015 |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-06T05%3A09%3A16IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Contact%20tracing%20performance%20during%20the%20Ebola%20epidemic%20in%20Liberia,%202014-2015&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20neglected%20tropical%20diseases&rft.au=Swanson,%20Krista%20C&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e0006762&rft.epage=e0006762&rft.pages=e0006762-e0006762&rft.issn=1935-2735&rft.eissn=1935-2735&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006762&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA557636918%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2252298829&rft_id=info:pmid/30208032&rft_galeid=A557636918&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_3452b17d9db04db897f12d83587cd5dd&rfr_iscdi=true |