Assessing urban-rural differences in the relationship between social capital and depression among Ghanaian and South African older adults
Research has demonstrated benefits of social capital on depression, but variations in this relationship by geographic characteristics such as urbanicity have rarely been investigated. Using survey data on 4,209 Ghanaian and 3,148 South African adults aged 50 and above from the World Health Organizat...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2019-06, Vol.14 (6), p.e0218620-e0218620 |
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| creator | Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Dzifa Rebok, George W Gross, Alden L Gallo, Joseph J Underwood, Carol R |
| description | Research has demonstrated benefits of social capital on depression, but variations in this relationship by geographic characteristics such as urbanicity have rarely been investigated.
Using survey data on 4,209 Ghanaian and 3,148 South African adults aged 50 and above from the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to extract dimensions of social capital from survey items. Structural equation models with the extracted factors were then used to estimate the associations between social capital and depression in each sample and assess differences between urban and rural settings with measurement and structural invariance tests.
Factor analyses suggested three dimensions of social capital representing community engagement, sociability, and trust. Urbanicity did not substantially modify the effects of social capital on depression in either setting, but urban-rural differences in the measurement and level of social capital were observed. Urban Ghanaian older adults were less socially integrated and trusting than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.28, -0.24, and -0.38 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively) while urban South African older adults appeared less engaged in community activities but significantly more trusting and socially active informally than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.33, 0.30, and 0.17 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively). Moreover, while trust was associated with a lower risk of depression in South Africa overall, sociability and trust were associated with an increased risk of depression in Ghana.
Results indicate that the composition and average levels of social capital differ between urban and rural older adult residents in Ghana and South Africa although urban-rural differences in the strength of the association between social capital and depression were not substantial. Furthermore, the associations between social capital and depression are context-specific and are not uniformly beneficial. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0218620 |
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Using survey data on 4,209 Ghanaian and 3,148 South African adults aged 50 and above from the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to extract dimensions of social capital from survey items. Structural equation models with the extracted factors were then used to estimate the associations between social capital and depression in each sample and assess differences between urban and rural settings with measurement and structural invariance tests.
Factor analyses suggested three dimensions of social capital representing community engagement, sociability, and trust. Urbanicity did not substantially modify the effects of social capital on depression in either setting, but urban-rural differences in the measurement and level of social capital were observed. Urban Ghanaian older adults were less socially integrated and trusting than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.28, -0.24, and -0.38 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively) while urban South African older adults appeared less engaged in community activities but significantly more trusting and socially active informally than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.33, 0.30, and 0.17 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively). Moreover, while trust was associated with a lower risk of depression in South Africa overall, sociability and trust were associated with an increased risk of depression in Ghana.
Results indicate that the composition and average levels of social capital differ between urban and rural older adult residents in Ghana and South Africa although urban-rural differences in the strength of the association between social capital and depression were not substantial. Furthermore, the associations between social capital and depression are context-specific and are not uniformly beneficial.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218620</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31216344</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; Africa, Southern ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Analysis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Community involvement ; Depression (Mood disorder) ; Depression - epidemiology ; Earth Sciences ; Female ; Ghana ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Interpersonal relations ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental depression ; Mental disorders ; Mental health care ; Middle Aged ; Neighborhoods ; Older people ; People and Places ; Physical Sciences ; Polls & surveys ; Psychological aspects ; Public health ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Retirement benefits ; Risk factors ; Rural areas ; Rural Population - statistics & numerical data ; Rural populations ; Social Capital ; Social networks ; Social Sciences ; Social support ; Systematic review ; Trust ; Urban areas ; Urban Population - statistics & numerical data ; Urbanization</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-06, Vol.14 (6), p.e0218620-e0218620</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Adjaye-Gbewonyo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Adjaye-Gbewonyo et al 2019 Adjaye-Gbewonyo et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-750ae2961ec746cd8be9a16ef85f723794c56ceb88dcf1b24fc2e3d2b8cb4e173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-750ae2961ec746cd8be9a16ef85f723794c56ceb88dcf1b24fc2e3d2b8cb4e173</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5459-8106</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6583957/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6583957/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31216344$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Blanch, Angel</contributor><creatorcontrib>Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Dzifa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rebok, George W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gross, Alden L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gallo, Joseph J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Underwood, Carol R</creatorcontrib><title>Assessing urban-rural differences in the relationship between social capital and depression among Ghanaian and South African older adults</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Research has demonstrated benefits of social capital on depression, but variations in this relationship by geographic characteristics such as urbanicity have rarely been investigated.
Using survey data on 4,209 Ghanaian and 3,148 South African adults aged 50 and above from the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to extract dimensions of social capital from survey items. Structural equation models with the extracted factors were then used to estimate the associations between social capital and depression in each sample and assess differences between urban and rural settings with measurement and structural invariance tests.
Factor analyses suggested three dimensions of social capital representing community engagement, sociability, and trust. Urbanicity did not substantially modify the effects of social capital on depression in either setting, but urban-rural differences in the measurement and level of social capital were observed. Urban Ghanaian older adults were less socially integrated and trusting than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.28, -0.24, and -0.38 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively) while urban South African older adults appeared less engaged in community activities but significantly more trusting and socially active informally than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.33, 0.30, and 0.17 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively). Moreover, while trust was associated with a lower risk of depression in South Africa overall, sociability and trust were associated with an increased risk of depression in Ghana.
Results indicate that the composition and average levels of social capital differ between urban and rural older adult residents in Ghana and South Africa although urban-rural differences in the strength of the association between social capital and depression were not substantial. Furthermore, the associations between social capital and depression are context-specific and are not uniformly beneficial.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Africa, Southern</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Community involvement</subject><subject>Depression (Mood disorder)</subject><subject>Depression - epidemiology</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Ghana</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interpersonal relations</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental health care</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Neighborhoods</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Retirement benefits</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Rural Population - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Rural populations</subject><subject>Social Capital</subject><subject>Social networks</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Social support</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Trust</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Urban Population - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Urbanization</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk9-K1DAUxoso7jr6BqIFQfRixqZJ0_ZGGBZdBxYWXPU2pMnJNEMmGZPUP4_gW5uZ6S5T2QvpRcLJ7_tOzmlOlj1HxQLhGr3buMFbbhY7Z2FRlKihZfEgO0ctLudpix-e7M-yJyFsiqLCDaWPszOMSkQxIefZn2UIEIK263zwHbdzP3hucqmVAg9WQMi1zWMPuQfDo3Y29HqXdxB_Atg8OKETLvhOx7RyK3MJO793dDbnW5d8L3tuueb2cHrjhtjnS-W1SBFnJPicy8HE8DR7pLgJ8GxcZ9nXjx--XHyaX11fri6WV3NRV02c11XBoWwpAlETKmTTQcsRBdVUqi5x3RJRUQFd00ihUFcSJUrAsuwa0RFANZ5lL4--O-MCG7sYWFkSTCipKU3E6khIxzds5_WW-9_Mcc0OAefXjPuohYGkwhQLSSpZYZIScShUR5TkTUGUEjJ5vR-zDd0WpAAbU38nptMTq3u2dj8YrRrcVvvrvhkNvPs-QIhsq4MAY7gFNxzuTRDGNNU-y179g95f3UiteSpAW-VSXrE3ZcuqaWtC6uQ3yxb3UOmTsNUiPTmlU3wieDsRJCbCr7jmQwhsdfP5_9nrb1P29QnbAzexD84Mh6c4BckRFN6F4EHdNRkVbD8xt91g-4lh48Qk2YvTH3Qnuh0R_BeOnxQ0</recordid><startdate>20190619</startdate><enddate>20190619</enddate><creator>Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Dzifa</creator><creator>Rebok, George W</creator><creator>Gross, Alden L</creator><creator>Gallo, Joseph J</creator><creator>Underwood, Carol R</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-8106</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190619</creationdate><title>Assessing urban-rural differences in the relationship between social capital and depression among Ghanaian and South African older adults</title><author>Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Dzifa ; Rebok, George W ; Gross, Alden L ; Gallo, Joseph J ; Underwood, Carol R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-750ae2961ec746cd8be9a16ef85f723794c56ceb88dcf1b24fc2e3d2b8cb4e173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Africa, Southern</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Community involvement</topic><topic>Depression (Mood disorder)</topic><topic>Depression - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Dzifa</au><au>Rebok, George W</au><au>Gross, Alden L</au><au>Gallo, Joseph J</au><au>Underwood, Carol R</au><au>Blanch, Angel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessing urban-rural differences in the relationship between social capital and depression among Ghanaian and South African older adults</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-06-19</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0218620</spage><epage>e0218620</epage><pages>e0218620-e0218620</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Research has demonstrated benefits of social capital on depression, but variations in this relationship by geographic characteristics such as urbanicity have rarely been investigated.
Using survey data on 4,209 Ghanaian and 3,148 South African adults aged 50 and above from the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to extract dimensions of social capital from survey items. Structural equation models with the extracted factors were then used to estimate the associations between social capital and depression in each sample and assess differences between urban and rural settings with measurement and structural invariance tests.
Factor analyses suggested three dimensions of social capital representing community engagement, sociability, and trust. Urbanicity did not substantially modify the effects of social capital on depression in either setting, but urban-rural differences in the measurement and level of social capital were observed. Urban Ghanaian older adults were less socially integrated and trusting than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.28, -0.24, and -0.38 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively) while urban South African older adults appeared less engaged in community activities but significantly more trusting and socially active informally than older rural residents (standardized mean difference: -0.33, 0.30, and 0.17 for community engagement, sociability, and trust, respectively). Moreover, while trust was associated with a lower risk of depression in South Africa overall, sociability and trust were associated with an increased risk of depression in Ghana.
Results indicate that the composition and average levels of social capital differ between urban and rural older adult residents in Ghana and South Africa although urban-rural differences in the strength of the association between social capital and depression were not substantial. Furthermore, the associations between social capital and depression are context-specific and are not uniformly beneficial.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31216344</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0218620</doi><tpages>e0218620</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-8106</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adults Africa, Southern Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Analysis Biology and Life Sciences Community involvement Depression (Mood disorder) Depression - epidemiology Earth Sciences Female Ghana Health aspects Humans Interpersonal relations Male Medicine and Health Sciences Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health care Middle Aged Neighborhoods Older people People and Places Physical Sciences Polls & surveys Psychological aspects Public health Research and Analysis Methods Retirement benefits Risk factors Rural areas Rural Population - statistics & numerical data Rural populations Social Capital Social networks Social Sciences Social support Systematic review Trust Urban areas Urban Population - statistics & numerical data Urbanization |
| title | Assessing urban-rural differences in the relationship between social capital and depression among Ghanaian and South African older adults |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-29T03%3A20%3A04IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing%20urban-rural%20differences%20in%20the%20relationship%20between%20social%20capital%20and%20depression%20among%20Ghanaian%20and%20South%20African%20older%20adults&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Adjaye-Gbewonyo,%20Dzifa&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=e0218620&rft.epage=e0218620&rft.pages=e0218620-e0218620&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0218620&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA589744713%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2243464766&rft_id=info:pmid/31216344&rft_galeid=A589744713&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_22363cd45d534c2eae0fb4fda804ffcd&rfr_iscdi=true |