Endemicity of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risk factors in Cebu, Philippines
Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting humans and nearly all warm-blooded animals including pigs, but cats are the only known definitive host. This ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen can cause abortion, stillbirth and...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2019-06, Vol.14 (6), p.e0217989-e0217989 |
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| creator | Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D Busmeon, Chadinne Girlani R Viernes, Alexa Renee G Langbid, Jorim Z Nuevarez, Johanne P Ybañez, Adrian P Nishikawa, Yoshifumi |
| description | Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting humans and nearly all warm-blooded animals including pigs, but cats are the only known definitive host. This ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen can cause abortion, stillbirth and fetal abnormalities, and has been associated with mental and behavioral changes in humans. Acute infection is potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed to assess the Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pigs, humans and cats after its initial reported detection in pigs about three decades ago in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 924 humans, 104 cats and 514 slaughter pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial latex agglutination test. The results revealed positive detection rates of 26.3% (244/924) for humans, 42.3% (44/104) for cats and 13.4% (69/514) for slaughter pigs. Statistical analyses revealed that the area (P = 0.004), cat ownership (P = 0.020), the frequency of contact with cats (P < 0.0001) and consumption of street foods (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with seropositivity for T. gondii in humans. Meanwhile, the use of litter trays (P = 0.001) and contact with other animals (P = 0.007) were significantly associated with seropositivity in cats. The odds ratio for selected significant factors revealed that living in suburban areas (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20-2.31), owning a cat (OR 1.482, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07) and eating street foods (OR 1.585, 95% CI: 1.01-2.48) were associated with an increased risk of T. gondii exposure in humans. In cats, the use of a litter tray (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.73-11.71) was associated with an increased risk of exposure. None of the profile parameters were found to be significantly associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs (P > 0.05). This study is the first report of the serological detection of T. gondii in humans and cats in Cebu, Philippines, and the first assessment of the prevalence of the parasite in pigs in the area since its initial detection in 1982. This is also the first report documenting the seropositivity of T. gondii in pregnant women in the country. The confirmed seropositivity of T. gondii in Cebu, Philippines, in the present study implies the endemicity of toxoplasmosis in this area and highlights the need for routine testing and increased public awareness. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0217989 |
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It is capable of infecting humans and nearly all warm-blooded animals including pigs, but cats are the only known definitive host. This ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen can cause abortion, stillbirth and fetal abnormalities, and has been associated with mental and behavioral changes in humans. Acute infection is potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed to assess the Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pigs, humans and cats after its initial reported detection in pigs about three decades ago in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 924 humans, 104 cats and 514 slaughter pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial latex agglutination test. The results revealed positive detection rates of 26.3% (244/924) for humans, 42.3% (44/104) for cats and 13.4% (69/514) for slaughter pigs. Statistical analyses revealed that the area (P = 0.004), cat ownership (P = 0.020), the frequency of contact with cats (P < 0.0001) and consumption of street foods (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with seropositivity for T. gondii in humans. Meanwhile, the use of litter trays (P = 0.001) and contact with other animals (P = 0.007) were significantly associated with seropositivity in cats. The odds ratio for selected significant factors revealed that living in suburban areas (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20-2.31), owning a cat (OR 1.482, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07) and eating street foods (OR 1.585, 95% CI: 1.01-2.48) were associated with an increased risk of T. gondii exposure in humans. In cats, the use of a litter tray (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.73-11.71) was associated with an increased risk of exposure. None of the profile parameters were found to be significantly associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs (P > 0.05). This study is the first report of the serological detection of T. gondii in humans and cats in Cebu, Philippines, and the first assessment of the prevalence of the parasite in pigs in the area since its initial detection in 1982. This is also the first report documenting the seropositivity of T. gondii in pregnant women in the country. The confirmed seropositivity of T. gondii in Cebu, Philippines, in the present study implies the endemicity of toxoplasmosis in this area and highlights the need for routine testing and increased public awareness.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217989</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31188858</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abattoirs ; Abnormalities ; Abortion ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Agglutination ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Protozoan - blood ; Beef cattle ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cat Diseases - epidemiology ; Cat Diseases - parasitology ; Cat Diseases - transmission ; Cats ; Control ; Diagnosis ; Endemic Diseases ; Exposure ; Female ; Fetuses ; Food ; Food consumption ; Health risks ; Hogs ; Homeotherms ; Humans ; Infection ; Infections ; Latex ; Latex agglutination ; Litter ; Litter size ; Male ; Medical schools ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Parasites ; People and Places ; Philippines - epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Prevention ; Protozoa ; Public awareness ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Rodents ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serology ; Slaughter ; Statistical analysis ; Stillbirth ; Suburban areas ; Swine ; Swine Diseases - epidemiology ; Swine Diseases - parasitology ; Swine Diseases - transmission ; Toxoplasma ; Toxoplasma - pathogenicity ; Toxoplasma - physiology ; Toxoplasmosis ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - epidemiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - parasitology ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - transmission ; Trays ; Veterinary colleges ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-06, Vol.14 (6), p.e0217989-e0217989</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Ybañez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Ybañez et al 2019 Ybañez et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c802t-147cfc2153ebb8098f63b2ee8f3320f47bee73f2177c0559526d72d28dd2799f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c802t-147cfc2153ebb8098f63b2ee8f3320f47bee73f2177c0559526d72d28dd2799f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5005-6377</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561560/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561560/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31188858$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Busmeon, Chadinne Girlani R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viernes, Alexa Renee G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langbid, Jorim Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nuevarez, Johanne P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ybañez, Adrian P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nishikawa, Yoshifumi</creatorcontrib><title>Endemicity of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risk factors in Cebu, Philippines</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting humans and nearly all warm-blooded animals including pigs, but cats are the only known definitive host. This ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen can cause abortion, stillbirth and fetal abnormalities, and has been associated with mental and behavioral changes in humans. Acute infection is potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed to assess the Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pigs, humans and cats after its initial reported detection in pigs about three decades ago in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 924 humans, 104 cats and 514 slaughter pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial latex agglutination test. The results revealed positive detection rates of 26.3% (244/924) for humans, 42.3% (44/104) for cats and 13.4% (69/514) for slaughter pigs. Statistical analyses revealed that the area (P = 0.004), cat ownership (P = 0.020), the frequency of contact with cats (P < 0.0001) and consumption of street foods (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with seropositivity for T. gondii in humans. Meanwhile, the use of litter trays (P = 0.001) and contact with other animals (P = 0.007) were significantly associated with seropositivity in cats. The odds ratio for selected significant factors revealed that living in suburban areas (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20-2.31), owning a cat (OR 1.482, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07) and eating street foods (OR 1.585, 95% CI: 1.01-2.48) were associated with an increased risk of T. gondii exposure in humans. In cats, the use of a litter tray (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.73-11.71) was associated with an increased risk of exposure. None of the profile parameters were found to be significantly associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs (P > 0.05). This study is the first report of the serological detection of T. gondii in humans and cats in Cebu, Philippines, and the first assessment of the prevalence of the parasite in pigs in the area since its initial detection in 1982. This is also the first report documenting the seropositivity of T. gondii in pregnant women in the country. The confirmed seropositivity of T. gondii in Cebu, Philippines, in the present study implies the endemicity of toxoplasmosis in this area and highlights the need for routine testing and increased public awareness.</description><subject>Abattoirs</subject><subject>Abnormalities</subject><subject>Abortion</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Agglutination</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</subject><subject>Beef cattle</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cat Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cat Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Cat Diseases - transmission</subject><subject>Cats</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Endemic Diseases</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fetuses</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food consumption</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hogs</subject><subject>Homeotherms</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Latex</subject><subject>Latex agglutination</subject><subject>Litter</subject><subject>Litter size</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical schools</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Philippines - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnant women</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Public awareness</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>Slaughter</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Stillbirth</subject><subject>Suburban areas</subject><subject>Swine</subject><subject>Swine Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Swine Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Swine Diseases - transmission</subject><subject>Toxoplasma</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - physiology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - epidemiology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - 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epidemiology</topic><topic>Swine Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Swine Diseases - transmission</topic><topic>Toxoplasma</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - pathogenicity</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - physiology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - epidemiology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - parasitology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - transmission</topic><topic>Trays</topic><topic>Veterinary colleges</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Busmeon, Chadinne Girlani R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viernes, Alexa Renee G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langbid, Jorim Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nuevarez, Johanne P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ybañez, Adrian P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nishikawa, Yoshifumi</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D</au><au>Busmeon, Chadinne Girlani R</au><au>Viernes, Alexa Renee G</au><au>Langbid, Jorim Z</au><au>Nuevarez, Johanne P</au><au>Ybañez, Adrian P</au><au>Nishikawa, Yoshifumi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Endemicity of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risk factors in Cebu, Philippines</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-06-12</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0217989</spage><epage>e0217989</epage><pages>e0217989-e0217989</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting humans and nearly all warm-blooded animals including pigs, but cats are the only known definitive host. This ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen can cause abortion, stillbirth and fetal abnormalities, and has been associated with mental and behavioral changes in humans. Acute infection is potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed to assess the Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pigs, humans and cats after its initial reported detection in pigs about three decades ago in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 924 humans, 104 cats and 514 slaughter pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial latex agglutination test. The results revealed positive detection rates of 26.3% (244/924) for humans, 42.3% (44/104) for cats and 13.4% (69/514) for slaughter pigs. Statistical analyses revealed that the area (P = 0.004), cat ownership (P = 0.020), the frequency of contact with cats (P < 0.0001) and consumption of street foods (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with seropositivity for T. gondii in humans. Meanwhile, the use of litter trays (P = 0.001) and contact with other animals (P = 0.007) were significantly associated with seropositivity in cats. The odds ratio for selected significant factors revealed that living in suburban areas (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20-2.31), owning a cat (OR 1.482, 95% CI: 1.07-2.07) and eating street foods (OR 1.585, 95% CI: 1.01-2.48) were associated with an increased risk of T. gondii exposure in humans. In cats, the use of a litter tray (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.73-11.71) was associated with an increased risk of exposure. None of the profile parameters were found to be significantly associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs (P > 0.05). This study is the first report of the serological detection of T. gondii in humans and cats in Cebu, Philippines, and the first assessment of the prevalence of the parasite in pigs in the area since its initial detection in 1982. This is also the first report documenting the seropositivity of T. gondii in pregnant women in the country. The confirmed seropositivity of T. gondii in Cebu, Philippines, in the present study implies the endemicity of toxoplasmosis in this area and highlights the need for routine testing and increased public awareness.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31188858</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0217989</doi><tpages>e0217989</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-6377</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2019-06, Vol.14 (6), p.e0217989-e0217989 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2239194175 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Abattoirs Abnormalities Abortion Adolescent Adult Aged Agglutination Animals Antibodies Antibodies, Protozoan - blood Beef cattle Biology and Life Sciences Cat Diseases - epidemiology Cat Diseases - parasitology Cat Diseases - transmission Cats Control Diagnosis Endemic Diseases Exposure Female Fetuses Food Food consumption Health risks Hogs Homeotherms Humans Infection Infections Latex Latex agglutination Litter Litter size Male Medical schools Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Parasites People and Places Philippines - epidemiology Pregnancy Pregnant women Prevention Protozoa Public awareness Risk analysis Risk Factors Rodents Seroepidemiologic Studies Serology Slaughter Statistical analysis Stillbirth Suburban areas Swine Swine Diseases - epidemiology Swine Diseases - parasitology Swine Diseases - transmission Toxoplasma Toxoplasma - pathogenicity Toxoplasma - physiology Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology Toxoplasmosis, Animal - parasitology Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - epidemiology Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - parasitology Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral - transmission Trays Veterinary colleges Zoonoses |
| title | Endemicity of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risk factors in Cebu, Philippines |
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