Filamentous calcareous alga provides substrate for coral-competitive macroalgae in the degraded lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan
The chemically-rich seaweed Galaxaura is not only highly competitive with corals, but also provides substrate for other macroalgae. Its ecology and associated epiphytes remain largely unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we undertook an ecological assessment to explore the spatial variation, temp...
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| description | The chemically-rich seaweed Galaxaura is not only highly competitive with corals, but also provides substrate for other macroalgae. Its ecology and associated epiphytes remain largely unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we undertook an ecological assessment to explore the spatial variation, temporal dynamics, and diversity of epiphytic macroalgae of Galaxaura divaricata on patch reefs in the lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, a shallow coral reef ecosystem in the northern South China Sea that has been repeatedly impacted by mass coral bleaching events.
Twelve spatially independent patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were first surveyed to assess benthic composition in April 2016, and then revisited to determine G. divaricata cover in September 2017, with one additional Galaxaura-dominated reef (site 9). Four surveys over a period of 17 months were then carried out on a degraded patch reef site to assess the temporal variation in G. divaricata cover. Epiphytic macroalgae associated with G. divaricata were quantified and identified through the aid of DNA barcoding at this degraded site.
Patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were degraded, exhibiting relatively low coral cover (5-43%), but high proportions of macroalgae (13-58%) and other substrate (rubble and dead corals; 23-69%). The distribution of G. divaricata was heterogeneous across the lagoon, with highest abundance (16-41%) in the southeast area. Temporal surveys showed consistently high covers (mean ± SD = 16.9 ± 1.21%) of G. divaricata for 17 months. Additional photographic evidence suggested that overgrowth of G. divaricata can persist for 3.5 years. Yet, G. divaricata provides substrate to other macroalgae (e.g., Lobophora sp.) that also limit the growth of corals.
Our study demonstrates that an allelopathic seaweed, such as G. divaricata, can overgrow degraded coral reefs for extended periods of time. By providing habitat for other harmful macroalgae, a prolonged Galaxaura overgrowth could further enhance the spread of macroalgae, and strengthen negative feedback loops, decreasing the recovery potential of degraded reefs. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0200864 |
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Twelve spatially independent patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were first surveyed to assess benthic composition in April 2016, and then revisited to determine G. divaricata cover in September 2017, with one additional Galaxaura-dominated reef (site 9). Four surveys over a period of 17 months were then carried out on a degraded patch reef site to assess the temporal variation in G. divaricata cover. Epiphytic macroalgae associated with G. divaricata were quantified and identified through the aid of DNA barcoding at this degraded site.
Patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were degraded, exhibiting relatively low coral cover (5-43%), but high proportions of macroalgae (13-58%) and other substrate (rubble and dead corals; 23-69%). The distribution of G. divaricata was heterogeneous across the lagoon, with highest abundance (16-41%) in the southeast area. Temporal surveys showed consistently high covers (mean ± SD = 16.9 ± 1.21%) of G. divaricata for 17 months. Additional photographic evidence suggested that overgrowth of G. divaricata can persist for 3.5 years. Yet, G. divaricata provides substrate to other macroalgae (e.g., Lobophora sp.) that also limit the growth of corals.
Our study demonstrates that an allelopathic seaweed, such as G. divaricata, can overgrow degraded coral reefs for extended periods of time. By providing habitat for other harmful macroalgae, a prolonged Galaxaura overgrowth could further enhance the spread of macroalgae, and strengthen negative feedback loops, decreasing the recovery potential of degraded reefs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200864</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31095566</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Algae ; Animals ; Atolls ; Biodiversity ; Biology and Life Sciences ; China ; Coral bleaching ; Coral reef ecosystems ; Coral Reefs ; Corals ; Degradation ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; Earth Sciences ; Ecological monitoring ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Ecosystems ; Environmental aspects ; Epiphytes ; Feedback loops ; Filamentous bacteria ; Fishes ; Galaxaura ; Gene sequencing ; Lagoons ; Marine ecosystems ; Negative feedback ; Organic chemistry ; Physical Sciences ; Polls & surveys ; Population Dynamics ; Reefs ; Seaweed ; Seaweeds ; Substrates ; Surveys ; Taiwan ; Temporal variations ; Wind</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-05, Vol.14 (5), p.e0200864-e0200864</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Nieder et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Nieder et al 2019 Nieder et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-dd8dc85cff2593e3df35c273dae49e2b407312762f980b618f8ab4ecbbbec7393</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-dd8dc85cff2593e3df35c273dae49e2b407312762f980b618f8ab4ecbbbec7393</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4936-0459</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522048/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522048/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31095566$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nieder, Carolin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liao, Chen-Pan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Chaolun Allen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Shao-Lun</creatorcontrib><title>Filamentous calcareous alga provides substrate for coral-competitive macroalgae in the degraded lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The chemically-rich seaweed Galaxaura is not only highly competitive with corals, but also provides substrate for other macroalgae. Its ecology and associated epiphytes remain largely unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we undertook an ecological assessment to explore the spatial variation, temporal dynamics, and diversity of epiphytic macroalgae of Galaxaura divaricata on patch reefs in the lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, a shallow coral reef ecosystem in the northern South China Sea that has been repeatedly impacted by mass coral bleaching events.
Twelve spatially independent patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were first surveyed to assess benthic composition in April 2016, and then revisited to determine G. divaricata cover in September 2017, with one additional Galaxaura-dominated reef (site 9). Four surveys over a period of 17 months were then carried out on a degraded patch reef site to assess the temporal variation in G. divaricata cover. Epiphytic macroalgae associated with G. divaricata were quantified and identified through the aid of DNA barcoding at this degraded site.
Patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were degraded, exhibiting relatively low coral cover (5-43%), but high proportions of macroalgae (13-58%) and other substrate (rubble and dead corals; 23-69%). The distribution of G. divaricata was heterogeneous across the lagoon, with highest abundance (16-41%) in the southeast area. Temporal surveys showed consistently high covers (mean ± SD = 16.9 ± 1.21%) of G. divaricata for 17 months. Additional photographic evidence suggested that overgrowth of G. divaricata can persist for 3.5 years. Yet, G. divaricata provides substrate to other macroalgae (e.g., Lobophora sp.) that also limit the growth of corals.
Our study demonstrates that an allelopathic seaweed, such as G. divaricata, can overgrow degraded coral reefs for extended periods of time. By providing habitat for other harmful macroalgae, a prolonged Galaxaura overgrowth could further enhance the spread of macroalgae, and strengthen negative feedback loops, decreasing the recovery potential of degraded reefs.</description><subject>Algae</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Atolls</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Coral bleaching</subject><subject>Coral reef ecosystems</subject><subject>Coral Reefs</subject><subject>Corals</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecological monitoring</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Epiphytes</subject><subject>Feedback loops</subject><subject>Filamentous bacteria</subject><subject>Fishes</subject><subject>Galaxaura</subject><subject>Gene 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calcareous alga provides substrate for coral-competitive macroalgae in the degraded lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan</title><author>Nieder, Carolin ; Liao, Chen-Pan ; Chen, Chaolun Allen ; Liu, Shao-Lun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-dd8dc85cff2593e3df35c273dae49e2b407312762f980b618f8ab4ecbbbec7393</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Algae</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Atolls</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Coral bleaching</topic><topic>Coral reef ecosystems</topic><topic>Coral Reefs</topic><topic>Corals</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ecological monitoring</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>Environmental 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Allen</au><au>Liu, Shao-Lun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Filamentous calcareous alga provides substrate for coral-competitive macroalgae in the degraded lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-05-16</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e0200864</spage><epage>e0200864</epage><pages>e0200864-e0200864</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The chemically-rich seaweed Galaxaura is not only highly competitive with corals, but also provides substrate for other macroalgae. Its ecology and associated epiphytes remain largely unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we undertook an ecological assessment to explore the spatial variation, temporal dynamics, and diversity of epiphytic macroalgae of Galaxaura divaricata on patch reefs in the lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, a shallow coral reef ecosystem in the northern South China Sea that has been repeatedly impacted by mass coral bleaching events.
Twelve spatially independent patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were first surveyed to assess benthic composition in April 2016, and then revisited to determine G. divaricata cover in September 2017, with one additional Galaxaura-dominated reef (site 9). Four surveys over a period of 17 months were then carried out on a degraded patch reef site to assess the temporal variation in G. divaricata cover. Epiphytic macroalgae associated with G. divaricata were quantified and identified through the aid of DNA barcoding at this degraded site.
Patch reefs in the Dongsha lagoon were degraded, exhibiting relatively low coral cover (5-43%), but high proportions of macroalgae (13-58%) and other substrate (rubble and dead corals; 23-69%). The distribution of G. divaricata was heterogeneous across the lagoon, with highest abundance (16-41%) in the southeast area. Temporal surveys showed consistently high covers (mean ± SD = 16.9 ± 1.21%) of G. divaricata for 17 months. Additional photographic evidence suggested that overgrowth of G. divaricata can persist for 3.5 years. Yet, G. divaricata provides substrate to other macroalgae (e.g., Lobophora sp.) that also limit the growth of corals.
Our study demonstrates that an allelopathic seaweed, such as G. divaricata, can overgrow degraded coral reefs for extended periods of time. By providing habitat for other harmful macroalgae, a prolonged Galaxaura overgrowth could further enhance the spread of macroalgae, and strengthen negative feedback loops, decreasing the recovery potential of degraded reefs.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31095566</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0200864</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-0459</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| subjects | Algae Animals Atolls Biodiversity Biology and Life Sciences China Coral bleaching Coral reef ecosystems Coral Reefs Corals Degradation Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Earth Sciences Ecological monitoring Ecology Ecosystem Ecosystems Environmental aspects Epiphytes Feedback loops Filamentous bacteria Fishes Galaxaura Gene sequencing Lagoons Marine ecosystems Negative feedback Organic chemistry Physical Sciences Polls & surveys Population Dynamics Reefs Seaweed Seaweeds Substrates Surveys Taiwan Temporal variations Wind |
| title | Filamentous calcareous alga provides substrate for coral-competitive macroalgae in the degraded lagoon of Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-19T01%3A13%3A09IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Filamentous%20calcareous%20alga%20provides%20substrate%20for%20coral-competitive%20macroalgae%20in%20the%20degraded%20lagoon%20of%20Dongsha%20Atoll,%20Taiwan&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Nieder,%20Carolin&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e0200864&rft.epage=e0200864&rft.pages=e0200864-e0200864&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0200864&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA585681122%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2226429252&rft_id=info:pmid/31095566&rft_galeid=A585681122&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_20ba417234574815b868069553c63689&rfr_iscdi=true |