Correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight among women of reproductive age: Evidence from the 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey
Understanding socio-economic correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight is crucial to develop interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes. We analysed Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from 6,069 women aged 15-49 years. WHO cut-offs for Body Mass Index categorised as: u...
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| description | Understanding socio-economic correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight is crucial to develop interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes.
We analysed Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from 6,069 women aged 15-49 years. WHO cut-offs for Body Mass Index categorised as: underweight ( = 25.0 kg/m2) were used. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations of factors with Body Mass Index and concentration indices to estimate socio-economic inequalities.
Higher risk of underweight was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 3.08, 95% CI: 2.29-4.15), 20-29 (RRR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.29-2.08) and in lowest (RRR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.47) and second wealth quintiles (RRR 1.77 (95% CI: 1.18-2.64). Education, occupation, urban/rural residence and food security were not associated with underweight (p>0.05). Lower risk of overweight/obesity was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.10), 20-29 (RRR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.32-0.51), in manual occupation (RRR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74) and in lower quintiles. Women with primary (RRR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36-2.67), secondary education (RRR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00, 2.01) were at increased risk of overweight/obesity. Household food security and urban/rural residence were not associated with overweight/obesity (p>0.05). Socioeconomic inequalities were detected, with overweight/obesity strongly concentrated (concentration index: 0.380) amongst the higher quintiles and underweight concentrated (concentration index: -0.052) amongst the poorest.
Nutrition programmes should target younger and poor women to address undernutrition and higher wealth group women to address overnutrition. Equity based nutrition interventions improving socio-economic status of poor households may benefit undernourished women. Interventions to encourage physical activity as women age and among wealthier women as well as healthy eating for prevention of under- and over-nutrition are needed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0216644 |
| format | Article |
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We analysed Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from 6,069 women aged 15-49 years. WHO cut-offs for Body Mass Index categorised as: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5kg/m2 to 24.9kg/m2) and overweight/ obesity (> = 25.0 kg/m2) were used. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations of factors with Body Mass Index and concentration indices to estimate socio-economic inequalities.
Higher risk of underweight was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 3.08, 95% CI: 2.29-4.15), 20-29 (RRR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.29-2.08) and in lowest (RRR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.47) and second wealth quintiles (RRR 1.77 (95% CI: 1.18-2.64). Education, occupation, urban/rural residence and food security were not associated with underweight (p>0.05). Lower risk of overweight/obesity was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.10), 20-29 (RRR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.32-0.51), in manual occupation (RRR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74) and in lower quintiles. Women with primary (RRR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36-2.67), secondary education (RRR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00, 2.01) were at increased risk of overweight/obesity. Household food security and urban/rural residence were not associated with overweight/obesity (p>0.05). Socioeconomic inequalities were detected, with overweight/obesity strongly concentrated (concentration index: 0.380) amongst the higher quintiles and underweight concentrated (concentration index: -0.052) amongst the poorest.
Nutrition programmes should target younger and poor women to address undernutrition and higher wealth group women to address overnutrition. Equity based nutrition interventions improving socio-economic status of poor households may benefit undernourished women. Interventions to encourage physical activity as women age and among wealthier women as well as healthy eating for prevention of under- and over-nutrition are needed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216644</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31075139</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Age ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body mass ; Body mass index ; Body size ; Body weight ; Demographic aspects ; Demographics ; Economic aspects ; Economics ; Education ; Equality ; Exercise ; Female ; Food ; Food security ; Food supply ; Gender equality ; Health ; Health Surveys ; Healthcare Disparities - statistics & numerical data ; Households ; Humans ; Leanness ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Nepal - epidemiology ; Nutrition ; Obesity ; Obesity - epidemiology ; Occupations ; Overnutrition ; Overweight ; Overweight - epidemiology ; Overweight persons ; People and Places ; Physical activity ; Poor women ; Regression analysis ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Secondary education ; Social aspects ; Social class ; Socioeconomic factors ; Socioeconomics ; Systematic review ; Thinness - epidemiology ; Undernutrition ; Underweight ; Women ; Women's health ; Womens health ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-05, Vol.14 (5), p.e0216644-e0216644</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Rai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Rai et al 2019 Rai et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-4999c9283759a3f890c0a2bd637d1661eb0910b70e70703496d703d334d058b13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-4999c9283759a3f890c0a2bd637d1661eb0910b70e70703496d703d334d058b13</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1735-3684</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6510472/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6510472/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23871,27929,27930,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31075139$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Navaneetham, Kannan</contributor><creatorcontrib>Rai, Anjana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurung, Swadesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thapa, Subash</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saville, Naomi M</creatorcontrib><title>Correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight among women of reproductive age: Evidence from the 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Understanding socio-economic correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight is crucial to develop interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes.
We analysed Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from 6,069 women aged 15-49 years. WHO cut-offs for Body Mass Index categorised as: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5kg/m2 to 24.9kg/m2) and overweight/ obesity (> = 25.0 kg/m2) were used. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations of factors with Body Mass Index and concentration indices to estimate socio-economic inequalities.
Higher risk of underweight was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 3.08, 95% CI: 2.29-4.15), 20-29 (RRR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.29-2.08) and in lowest (RRR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.47) and second wealth quintiles (RRR 1.77 (95% CI: 1.18-2.64). Education, occupation, urban/rural residence and food security were not associated with underweight (p>0.05). Lower risk of overweight/obesity was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.10), 20-29 (RRR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.32-0.51), in manual occupation (RRR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74) and in lower quintiles. Women with primary (RRR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36-2.67), secondary education (RRR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00, 2.01) were at increased risk of overweight/obesity. Household food security and urban/rural residence were not associated with overweight/obesity (p>0.05). Socioeconomic inequalities were detected, with overweight/obesity strongly concentrated (concentration index: 0.380) amongst the higher quintiles and underweight concentrated (concentration index: -0.052) amongst the poorest.
Nutrition programmes should target younger and poor women to address undernutrition and higher wealth group women to address overnutrition. Equity based nutrition interventions improving socio-economic status of poor households may benefit undernourished women. Interventions to encourage physical activity as women age and among wealthier women as well as healthy eating for prevention of under- and over-nutrition are needed.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Equality</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food security</subject><subject>Food supply</subject><subject>Gender equality</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Health Surveys</subject><subject>Healthcare Disparities - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Leanness</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nepal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Obesity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Occupations</subject><subject>Overnutrition</subject><subject>Overweight</subject><subject>Overweight - epidemiology</subject><subject>Overweight persons</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Poor women</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Reproduction</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Secondary education</subject><subject>Social aspects</subject><subject>Social class</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Thinness - epidemiology</subject><subject>Undernutrition</subject><subject>Underweight</subject><subject>Women</subject><subject>Women's health</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><subject>Young 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Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rai, Anjana</au><au>Gurung, Swadesh</au><au>Thapa, Subash</au><au>Saville, Naomi M</au><au>Navaneetham, Kannan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight among women of reproductive age: Evidence from the 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-05-10</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e0216644</spage><epage>e0216644</epage><pages>e0216644-e0216644</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Understanding socio-economic correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight is crucial to develop interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes.
We analysed Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data from 6,069 women aged 15-49 years. WHO cut-offs for Body Mass Index categorised as: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5kg/m2 to 24.9kg/m2) and overweight/ obesity (> = 25.0 kg/m2) were used. We used multinomial logistic regression to explore associations of factors with Body Mass Index and concentration indices to estimate socio-economic inequalities.
Higher risk of underweight was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 3.08, 95% CI: 2.29-4.15), 20-29 (RRR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.29-2.08) and in lowest (RRR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.47) and second wealth quintiles (RRR 1.77 (95% CI: 1.18-2.64). Education, occupation, urban/rural residence and food security were not associated with underweight (p>0.05). Lower risk of overweight/obesity was found in age group 15-19 (RRR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.10), 20-29 (RRR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.32-0.51), in manual occupation (RRR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74) and in lower quintiles. Women with primary (RRR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36-2.67), secondary education (RRR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00, 2.01) were at increased risk of overweight/obesity. Household food security and urban/rural residence were not associated with overweight/obesity (p>0.05). Socioeconomic inequalities were detected, with overweight/obesity strongly concentrated (concentration index: 0.380) amongst the higher quintiles and underweight concentrated (concentration index: -0.052) amongst the poorest.
Nutrition programmes should target younger and poor women to address undernutrition and higher wealth group women to address overnutrition. Equity based nutrition interventions improving socio-economic status of poor households may benefit undernourished women. Interventions to encourage physical activity as women age and among wealthier women as well as healthy eating for prevention of under- and over-nutrition are needed.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31075139</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0216644</doi><tpages>e0216644</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1735-3684</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2019-05, Vol.14 (5), p.e0216644-e0216644 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2223020951 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Age Biology and Life Sciences Body mass Body mass index Body size Body weight Demographic aspects Demographics Economic aspects Economics Education Equality Exercise Female Food Food security Food supply Gender equality Health Health Surveys Healthcare Disparities - statistics & numerical data Households Humans Leanness Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Nepal - epidemiology Nutrition Obesity Obesity - epidemiology Occupations Overnutrition Overweight Overweight - epidemiology Overweight persons People and Places Physical activity Poor women Regression analysis Reproduction Risk Secondary education Social aspects Social class Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomics Systematic review Thinness - epidemiology Undernutrition Underweight Women Women's health Womens health Young Adult |
| title | Correlates and inequality of underweight and overweight among women of reproductive age: Evidence from the 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey |
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