Live fast, die young: Accelerated growth, mortality, and turnover in street trees
Municipalities are embracing greening initiatives as a key strategy for improving urban sustainability and combatting the environmental impacts of expansive urbanization. Many greening initiatives include goals to increase urban canopy cover through tree planting, however, our understanding of stree...
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description | Municipalities are embracing greening initiatives as a key strategy for improving urban sustainability and combatting the environmental impacts of expansive urbanization. Many greening initiatives include goals to increase urban canopy cover through tree planting, however, our understanding of street tree ecosystem dynamics is limited and our understanding of vegetation structure and function based on intact, rural forests does not apply well to urban ecosystems. In this study, we estimate size-specific growth, mortality, and planting rates in trees under municipal control, use a box model to forecast short-term changes in street tree aboveground carbon pools under several planting and management scenarios, and compare our findings to rural, forested systems. We find accelerated rates of carbon cycling in street trees with mean diameter growth rates nearly four times faster in Boston, MA, USA (0.78 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) than in rural forest stands of MA (0.21 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) and mean mortality rates more than double rural forested rates (3.06 ± 0.25% yr-1 in street trees; 1.41 ± 0.04% yr-1 in rural trees). Despite the enhanced growth of urban trees, high mortality losses result in a net loss of street tree carbon storage over time (-0.15 ± 0.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Planting initiatives alone may not be sufficient to maintain or enhance canopy cover and biomass due to the unique demographics of urban ecosystems. Initiatives to aid in the establishment and preservation of tree health are central for increasing street tree canopy cover and maintaining/increasing carbon storage in vegetation. Strategic combinations of planting and maintenance will maximize the viability of greening initiatives as an effective climate mitigation tool. |
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Many greening initiatives include goals to increase urban canopy cover through tree planting, however, our understanding of street tree ecosystem dynamics is limited and our understanding of vegetation structure and function based on intact, rural forests does not apply well to urban ecosystems. In this study, we estimate size-specific growth, mortality, and planting rates in trees under municipal control, use a box model to forecast short-term changes in street tree aboveground carbon pools under several planting and management scenarios, and compare our findings to rural, forested systems. We find accelerated rates of carbon cycling in street trees with mean diameter growth rates nearly four times faster in Boston, MA, USA (0.78 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) than in rural forest stands of MA (0.21 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) and mean mortality rates more than double rural forested rates (3.06 ± 0.25% yr-1 in street trees; 1.41 ± 0.04% yr-1 in rural trees). Despite the enhanced growth of urban trees, high mortality losses result in a net loss of street tree carbon storage over time (-0.15 ± 0.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Planting initiatives alone may not be sufficient to maintain or enhance canopy cover and biomass due to the unique demographics of urban ecosystems. Initiatives to aid in the establishment and preservation of tree health are central for increasing street tree canopy cover and maintaining/increasing carbon storage in vegetation. Strategic combinations of planting and maintenance will maximize the viability of greening initiatives as an effective climate mitigation tool.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215846</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31067257</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Canopies ; Carbon ; Carbon capture and storage ; Carbon cycle ; Carbon sequestration ; Carbon storage ; Censuses ; Cities ; Climate change ; Climate effects ; Demographics ; Demography ; Ecology ; Ecosystem dynamics ; Ecosystems ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental changes ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; Greening ; Growth rate ; Kinetics ; Methods ; Mitigation ; Models, Statistical ; Mortality ; Municipalities ; Planting ; Preservation ; Roadside plants ; Rural areas ; Statistics ; Storage ; Structure-function relationships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sustainability ; Sustainable development ; Sustainable living ; Sustainable urban development ; Tree planting ; Trees ; Trees - growth & development ; Trends ; Urban areas ; Urbanization ; Vegetation ; Viability</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-05, Vol.14 (5), p.e0215846</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Smith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Smith et al 2019 Smith et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-16df1810a927f72ac35dc19a5d12ed29b71b818d6060c333fb5b8ffee07deb693</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-16df1810a927f72ac35dc19a5d12ed29b71b818d6060c333fb5b8ffee07deb693</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7198-6183</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6505744/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6505744/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2104,2930,23873,27931,27932,53798,53800</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31067257$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Hui, Dafeng</contributor><creatorcontrib>Smith, Ian A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dearborn, Victoria K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hutyra, Lucy R</creatorcontrib><title>Live fast, die young: Accelerated growth, mortality, and turnover in street trees</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Municipalities are embracing greening initiatives as a key strategy for improving urban sustainability and combatting the environmental impacts of expansive urbanization. Many greening initiatives include goals to increase urban canopy cover through tree planting, however, our understanding of street tree ecosystem dynamics is limited and our understanding of vegetation structure and function based on intact, rural forests does not apply well to urban ecosystems. In this study, we estimate size-specific growth, mortality, and planting rates in trees under municipal control, use a box model to forecast short-term changes in street tree aboveground carbon pools under several planting and management scenarios, and compare our findings to rural, forested systems. We find accelerated rates of carbon cycling in street trees with mean diameter growth rates nearly four times faster in Boston, MA, USA (0.78 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) than in rural forest stands of MA (0.21 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) and mean mortality rates more than double rural forested rates (3.06 ± 0.25% yr-1 in street trees; 1.41 ± 0.04% yr-1 in rural trees). Despite the enhanced growth of urban trees, high mortality losses result in a net loss of street tree carbon storage over time (-0.15 ± 0.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Planting initiatives alone may not be sufficient to maintain or enhance canopy cover and biomass due to the unique demographics of urban ecosystems. Initiatives to aid in the establishment and preservation of tree health are central for increasing street tree canopy cover and maintaining/increasing carbon storage in vegetation. Strategic combinations of planting and maintenance will maximize the viability of greening initiatives as an effective climate mitigation tool.</description><subject>Canopies</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon capture and storage</subject><subject>Carbon cycle</subject><subject>Carbon sequestration</subject><subject>Carbon storage</subject><subject>Censuses</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climate effects</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecosystem dynamics</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Greening</subject><subject>Growth rate</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Mitigation</subject><subject>Models, Statistical</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Municipalities</subject><subject>Planting</subject><subject>Preservation</subject><subject>Roadside plants</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Storage</subject><subject>Structure-function relationships</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Sustainable living</subject><subject>Sustainable urban development</subject><subject>Tree planting</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Trees - growth & development</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Urbanization</subject><subject>Vegetation</subject><subject>Viability</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkm2r0zAUx4so3uvVbyBaEARhm3lo09YXwrj4MBhcfHwb0uSky2ibmaTTfXsz13tZQUECSTj5nf85nPyT5ClGC0wL_HprB9eLdrGzPSwQwXmZsXvJJa4omTOC6P2z-0XyyPstQjktGXuYXFCMWEHy4jL5tDZ7SLXwYZYqA-nBDn3zJl1KCS04EUCljbM_w2aWdtYF0ZpwmKWiV2mI5e0eXGr61AcHENLj7h8nD7RoPTwZz6vk2_t3X68_ztc3H1bXy_VcsoqEOWZK4xIjUZFCF0RImiuJK5ErTECRqi5wXeJSMcSQpJTqOq9LrQFQoaBmFb1Knp90d631fJyG54QQXFLKchKJ1YlQVmz5zplOuAO3wvA_AesaLlwwsgUu6thGRhWSDGc605UGmdcUclySQkgdtd6O1Ya6AyWhD060E9HpS282vLF7znKUF1kWBV6MAs7-GMCHf7Q8Uo2IXZle2ygmO-MlX8YPLhGiBYrU4i9UXAo6I6MftInxScKrSUJkAvwKjRi856svn_-fvfk-ZV-esRsQbdh42w7B2N5PwewESme9d6DvJocRP9r5dhr8aGc-2jmmPTuf-l3SrX_pb3N576Q</recordid><startdate>20190508</startdate><enddate>20190508</enddate><creator>Smith, Ian A</creator><creator>Dearborn, Victoria K</creator><creator>Hutyra, Lucy R</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-6183</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190508</creationdate><title>Live fast, die young: Accelerated growth, mortality, and turnover in street trees</title><author>Smith, Ian A ; Dearborn, Victoria K ; Hutyra, Lucy R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-16df1810a927f72ac35dc19a5d12ed29b71b818d6060c333fb5b8ffee07deb693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Canopies</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon capture and storage</topic><topic>Carbon cycle</topic><topic>Carbon sequestration</topic><topic>Carbon storage</topic><topic>Censuses</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Climate effects</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecosystem dynamics</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Forests</topic><topic>Greening</topic><topic>Growth rate</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Mitigation</topic><topic>Models, Statistical</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Municipalities</topic><topic>Planting</topic><topic>Preservation</topic><topic>Roadside plants</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Storage</topic><topic>Structure-function relationships</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Sustainable living</topic><topic>Sustainable urban development</topic><topic>Tree planting</topic><topic>Trees</topic><topic>Trees - 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Many greening initiatives include goals to increase urban canopy cover through tree planting, however, our understanding of street tree ecosystem dynamics is limited and our understanding of vegetation structure and function based on intact, rural forests does not apply well to urban ecosystems. In this study, we estimate size-specific growth, mortality, and planting rates in trees under municipal control, use a box model to forecast short-term changes in street tree aboveground carbon pools under several planting and management scenarios, and compare our findings to rural, forested systems. We find accelerated rates of carbon cycling in street trees with mean diameter growth rates nearly four times faster in Boston, MA, USA (0.78 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) than in rural forest stands of MA (0.21 ± 0.02 cm yr-1) and mean mortality rates more than double rural forested rates (3.06 ± 0.25% yr-1 in street trees; 1.41 ± 0.04% yr-1 in rural trees). Despite the enhanced growth of urban trees, high mortality losses result in a net loss of street tree carbon storage over time (-0.15 ± 0.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Planting initiatives alone may not be sufficient to maintain or enhance canopy cover and biomass due to the unique demographics of urban ecosystems. Initiatives to aid in the establishment and preservation of tree health are central for increasing street tree canopy cover and maintaining/increasing carbon storage in vegetation. Strategic combinations of planting and maintenance will maximize the viability of greening initiatives as an effective climate mitigation tool.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>31067257</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0215846</doi><tpages>e0215846</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-6183</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Canopies Carbon Carbon capture and storage Carbon cycle Carbon sequestration Carbon storage Censuses Cities Climate change Climate effects Demographics Demography Ecology Ecosystem dynamics Ecosystems Environmental aspects Environmental changes Environmental impact Environmental Monitoring Forests Greening Growth rate Kinetics Methods Mitigation Models, Statistical Mortality Municipalities Planting Preservation Roadside plants Rural areas Statistics Storage Structure-function relationships Surveys and Questionnaires Sustainability Sustainable development Sustainable living Sustainable urban development Tree planting Trees Trees - growth & development Trends Urban areas Urbanization Vegetation Viability |
title | Live fast, die young: Accelerated growth, mortality, and turnover in street trees |
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