Wild and farmed salmon (Salmo salar) as reservoirs for infectious salmon anaemia virus, and the importance of horizontal- and vertical transmission
The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen on farmed salmon in Europe. The virus occurs as low- and high virulent variants where the former seem to be a continuous source of new high virulent ISAV. The latter are controlled in Norway by stamping out infected populations whil...
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description | The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen on farmed salmon in Europe. The virus occurs as low- and high virulent variants where the former seem to be a continuous source of new high virulent ISAV. The latter are controlled in Norway by stamping out infected populations while the former are spreading uncontrolled among farmed salmon. Evidence of vertical transmission has been presented, but there is still an ongoing discussion of the importance of circulation of ISAV via salmon brood fish. The only known wild reservoirs are in trout (Salmo trutta) and salmon (Salmo salar). This study provides the first ISAV sequences from wild salmonids in Norway and evaluates the importance of this reservoir with respect to outbreaks of ISA among farmed salmon. Phylogenetic analyses of the surface protein hemagglutinin-esterase gene from nearly all available ISAV from Norway, Faeroe Islands, Scotland, Chile and wild salmonids in Norway show that they group into four major clades. Including virulent variants in the analysis show that they belong in the same four clades supporting the hypothesis that there is a high frequency of transition from low to high virulent variants in farmed populations of salmon. There is little support for a hypothesis suggesting that the wild salmonids feed the virus into farmed populations. This study give support to earlier studies that have documented local horizontal transmission of high virulent ISAV, but the importance of transition from low- to high virulent variants has been underestimated. Evidence of vertical transmission and long distance spreading of ISAV via movement of embryos and smolt is presented. We recommend that the industry focus on removing the low virulent ISAV from the brood fish and that ISAV-free brood fish salmon are kept in closed containment systems (CCS). |
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The virus occurs as low- and high virulent variants where the former seem to be a continuous source of new high virulent ISAV. The latter are controlled in Norway by stamping out infected populations while the former are spreading uncontrolled among farmed salmon. Evidence of vertical transmission has been presented, but there is still an ongoing discussion of the importance of circulation of ISAV via salmon brood fish. The only known wild reservoirs are in trout (Salmo trutta) and salmon (Salmo salar). This study provides the first ISAV sequences from wild salmonids in Norway and evaluates the importance of this reservoir with respect to outbreaks of ISA among farmed salmon. Phylogenetic analyses of the surface protein hemagglutinin-esterase gene from nearly all available ISAV from Norway, Faeroe Islands, Scotland, Chile and wild salmonids in Norway show that they group into four major clades. Including virulent variants in the analysis show that they belong in the same four clades supporting the hypothesis that there is a high frequency of transition from low to high virulent variants in farmed populations of salmon. There is little support for a hypothesis suggesting that the wild salmonids feed the virus into farmed populations. This study give support to earlier studies that have documented local horizontal transmission of high virulent ISAV, but the importance of transition from low- to high virulent variants has been underestimated. Evidence of vertical transmission and long distance spreading of ISAV via movement of embryos and smolt is presented. We recommend that the industry focus on removing the low virulent ISAV from the brood fish and that ISAV-free brood fish salmon are kept in closed containment systems (CCS).</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215478</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30990853</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Anemia ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Communicable animal diseases ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Containment ; Control ; Disease ; Diseases ; Distribution ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Embryos ; Epidemics ; Esterase ; Fish ; Fish (Food product) ; Fish diseases ; Fish Diseases - genetics ; Fish Diseases - transmission ; Fish Diseases - virology ; Fish hatcheries ; Fisheries ; Genes ; Hemagglutinins ; Hemagglutinins, Viral - genetics ; Infectious diseases ; Isavirus - genetics ; Isavirus - pathogenicity ; Lectins ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections - genetics ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections - transmission ; Outbreaks ; People and Places ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Population studies ; Populations ; Proteins ; Reservoirs ; RNA viruses ; Salmo salar ; Salmo salar - virology ; Salmo trutta ; Salmon ; Salmonidae ; Salmonids ; Spreading ; Trout ; Viral Fusion Proteins - genetics ; Viral Proteins - genetics ; Virology ; Virulence Factors - genetics ; Virus diseases ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-04, Vol.14 (4), p.e0215478-e0215478</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Nylund et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Nylund et al 2019 Nylund et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-b4519b088507d28e0072d3915b01f956f6f860390766ead06dfc4f8680e619333</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-b4519b088507d28e0072d3915b01f956f6f860390766ead06dfc4f8680e619333</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1932-6604</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6467415/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6467415/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30990853$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Fischer, Uwe</contributor><creatorcontrib>Nylund, Are</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brattespe, Jarle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plarre, Heidrun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kambestad, Martha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karlsen, Marius</creatorcontrib><title>Wild and farmed salmon (Salmo salar) as reservoirs for infectious salmon anaemia virus, and the importance of horizontal- and vertical transmission</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen on farmed salmon in Europe. The virus occurs as low- and high virulent variants where the former seem to be a continuous source of new high virulent ISAV. The latter are controlled in Norway by stamping out infected populations while the former are spreading uncontrolled among farmed salmon. Evidence of vertical transmission has been presented, but there is still an ongoing discussion of the importance of circulation of ISAV via salmon brood fish. The only known wild reservoirs are in trout (Salmo trutta) and salmon (Salmo salar). This study provides the first ISAV sequences from wild salmonids in Norway and evaluates the importance of this reservoir with respect to outbreaks of ISA among farmed salmon. Phylogenetic analyses of the surface protein hemagglutinin-esterase gene from nearly all available ISAV from Norway, Faeroe Islands, Scotland, Chile and wild salmonids in Norway show that they group into four major clades. Including virulent variants in the analysis show that they belong in the same four clades supporting the hypothesis that there is a high frequency of transition from low to high virulent variants in farmed populations of salmon. There is little support for a hypothesis suggesting that the wild salmonids feed the virus into farmed populations. This study give support to earlier studies that have documented local horizontal transmission of high virulent ISAV, but the importance of transition from low- to high virulent variants has been underestimated. Evidence of vertical transmission and long distance spreading of ISAV via movement of embryos and smolt is presented. We recommend that the industry focus on removing the low virulent ISAV from the brood fish and that ISAV-free brood fish salmon are kept in closed containment systems (CCS).</description><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Communicable animal diseases</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Containment</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Diseases</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Embryos</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Esterase</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Fish (Food product)</subject><subject>Fish diseases</subject><subject>Fish Diseases - genetics</subject><subject>Fish Diseases - transmission</subject><subject>Fish Diseases - virology</subject><subject>Fish hatcheries</subject><subject>Fisheries</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Hemagglutinins</subject><subject>Hemagglutinins, Viral - genetics</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Isavirus - genetics</subject><subject>Isavirus - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Lectins</subject><subject>Mitochondrial DNA</subject><subject>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - genetics</subject><subject>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - transmission</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Reservoirs</subject><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subject>Salmo salar</subject><subject>Salmo salar - virology</subject><subject>Salmo trutta</subject><subject>Salmon</subject><subject>Salmonidae</subject><subject>Salmonids</subject><subject>Spreading</subject><subject>Trout</subject><subject>Viral Fusion Proteins - 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and farmed salmon (Salmo salar) as reservoirs for infectious salmon anaemia virus, and the importance of horizontal- and vertical transmission</title><author>Nylund, Are ; Brattespe, Jarle ; Plarre, Heidrun ; Kambestad, Martha ; Karlsen, Marius</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-b4519b088507d28e0072d3915b01f956f6f860390766ead06dfc4f8680e619333</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Anemia</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Communicable animal diseases</topic><topic>Computer and Information Sciences</topic><topic>Containment</topic><topic>Control</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Diseases</topic><topic>Distribution</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Embryos</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Esterase</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Fish (Food product)</topic><topic>Fish diseases</topic><topic>Fish Diseases - genetics</topic><topic>Fish Diseases - transmission</topic><topic>Fish Diseases - virology</topic><topic>Fish hatcheries</topic><topic>Fisheries</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Hemagglutinins</topic><topic>Hemagglutinins, Viral - genetics</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Isavirus - genetics</topic><topic>Isavirus - pathogenicity</topic><topic>Lectins</topic><topic>Mitochondrial DNA</topic><topic>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - genetics</topic><topic>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - transmission</topic><topic>Outbreaks</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Populations</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Reservoirs</topic><topic>RNA viruses</topic><topic>Salmo salar</topic><topic>Salmo salar - 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Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nylund, Are</au><au>Brattespe, Jarle</au><au>Plarre, Heidrun</au><au>Kambestad, Martha</au><au>Karlsen, Marius</au><au>Fischer, Uwe</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Wild and farmed salmon (Salmo salar) as reservoirs for infectious salmon anaemia virus, and the importance of horizontal- and vertical transmission</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-04-16</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0215478</spage><epage>e0215478</epage><pages>e0215478-e0215478</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen on farmed salmon in Europe. The virus occurs as low- and high virulent variants where the former seem to be a continuous source of new high virulent ISAV. The latter are controlled in Norway by stamping out infected populations while the former are spreading uncontrolled among farmed salmon. Evidence of vertical transmission has been presented, but there is still an ongoing discussion of the importance of circulation of ISAV via salmon brood fish. The only known wild reservoirs are in trout (Salmo trutta) and salmon (Salmo salar). This study provides the first ISAV sequences from wild salmonids in Norway and evaluates the importance of this reservoir with respect to outbreaks of ISA among farmed salmon. Phylogenetic analyses of the surface protein hemagglutinin-esterase gene from nearly all available ISAV from Norway, Faeroe Islands, Scotland, Chile and wild salmonids in Norway show that they group into four major clades. Including virulent variants in the analysis show that they belong in the same four clades supporting the hypothesis that there is a high frequency of transition from low to high virulent variants in farmed populations of salmon. There is little support for a hypothesis suggesting that the wild salmonids feed the virus into farmed populations. This study give support to earlier studies that have documented local horizontal transmission of high virulent ISAV, but the importance of transition from low- to high virulent variants has been underestimated. Evidence of vertical transmission and long distance spreading of ISAV via movement of embryos and smolt is presented. We recommend that the industry focus on removing the low virulent ISAV from the brood fish and that ISAV-free brood fish salmon are kept in closed containment systems (CCS).</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30990853</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0215478</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1932-6604</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Anemia Animals Aquaculture Biology and Life Sciences Communicable animal diseases Computer and Information Sciences Containment Control Disease Diseases Distribution Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Embryos Epidemics Esterase Fish Fish (Food product) Fish diseases Fish Diseases - genetics Fish Diseases - transmission Fish Diseases - virology Fish hatcheries Fisheries Genes Hemagglutinins Hemagglutinins, Viral - genetics Infectious diseases Isavirus - genetics Isavirus - pathogenicity Lectins Mitochondrial DNA Orthomyxoviridae Infections - genetics Orthomyxoviridae Infections - transmission Outbreaks People and Places Phylogenetics Phylogeny Population studies Populations Proteins Reservoirs RNA viruses Salmo salar Salmo salar - virology Salmo trutta Salmon Salmonidae Salmonids Spreading Trout Viral Fusion Proteins - genetics Viral Proteins - genetics Virology Virulence Factors - genetics Virus diseases Viruses |
title | Wild and farmed salmon (Salmo salar) as reservoirs for infectious salmon anaemia virus, and the importance of horizontal- and vertical transmission |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T17%3A24%3A52IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wild%20and%20farmed%20salmon%20(Salmo%20salar)%20as%20reservoirs%20for%20infectious%20salmon%20anaemia%20virus,%20and%20the%20importance%20of%20horizontal-%20and%20vertical%20transmission&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Nylund,%20Are&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0215478&rft.epage=e0215478&rft.pages=e0215478-e0215478&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0215478&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA582576235%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2210524361&rft_id=info:pmid/30990853&rft_galeid=A582576235&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_bad7c204c3ab4922bd1e9be182a83d39&rfr_iscdi=true |