Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)?
Crop damage by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the resulting human-elephant conflict are issues of great concern for both the conservation of the species and the protection of rural livelihoods in Central Africa. Addressing these problems requires identifying the factors that faci...
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| creator | Ngama, Steeve Bindelle, Jerome Poulsen, John R Hornick, Jean-Luck Linden, Annick Korte, Lisa Doucet, Jean-Louis Vermeulen, Cédric |
| description | Crop damage by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the resulting human-elephant conflict are issues of great concern for both the conservation of the species and the protection of rural livelihoods in Central Africa. Addressing these problems requires identifying the factors that facilitate or impede crop-raiding by forest elephants. Yet to date, the environmental or anthropogenic factors that influence the occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants are largely unknown. We used a multivariate approach to investigate conditions under which forest elephants raid some fields and not others in the buffer zone of Monts de Cristal National Park (MCNP), Gabon. We first interviewed 121 farmers from 11 villages situated within 10 km of MCNP regarding the occurrence of elephant crop-raiding of their fields. We then collected data on 39 explanatory variables to characterize the agricultural fields. Of these, the most important predictors of elephant raid occurrence of crop damage were presence of fruit trees, elephant deterrents (scarecrows, fire, wire string fences and empty barrels), and field topography. We secondly assessed the effect of stage of crop growth, presence of fruit trees, field topography and presence of elephant deterrents on crop-raiding occurrence and intensity by counting raids and measuring areas of crop damage every week in 17 plantations over 19 weeks in the most elephant-impacted zone of the study area. We found that fruit presence and stage of crop growth led to more intense damage to crops, whereas local deterrents did not inhibit raiding events and crop damage by elephants. We report a tradeoff between non-timber forest products (NTFP) services and crop-raiding by elephants. We show for the first time that steep topography impedes elephant damage to crops with no raids recorded in fields with surrounding slopes greater than 25%. We discuss whether farming on steep fields could be used as a strategy for mitigating crop-raiding to favor human-elephant coexistence and enhance elephant conservation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0213971 |
| format | Article |
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Addressing these problems requires identifying the factors that facilitate or impede crop-raiding by forest elephants. Yet to date, the environmental or anthropogenic factors that influence the occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants are largely unknown. We used a multivariate approach to investigate conditions under which forest elephants raid some fields and not others in the buffer zone of Monts de Cristal National Park (MCNP), Gabon. We first interviewed 121 farmers from 11 villages situated within 10 km of MCNP regarding the occurrence of elephant crop-raiding of their fields. We then collected data on 39 explanatory variables to characterize the agricultural fields. Of these, the most important predictors of elephant raid occurrence of crop damage were presence of fruit trees, elephant deterrents (scarecrows, fire, wire string fences and empty barrels), and field topography. We secondly assessed the effect of stage of crop growth, presence of fruit trees, field topography and presence of elephant deterrents on crop-raiding occurrence and intensity by counting raids and measuring areas of crop damage every week in 17 plantations over 19 weeks in the most elephant-impacted zone of the study area. We found that fruit presence and stage of crop growth led to more intense damage to crops, whereas local deterrents did not inhibit raiding events and crop damage by elephants. We report a tradeoff between non-timber forest products (NTFP) services and crop-raiding by elephants. We show for the first time that steep topography impedes elephant damage to crops with no raids recorded in fields with surrounding slopes greater than 25%. We discuss whether farming on steep fields could be used as a strategy for mitigating crop-raiding to favor human-elephant coexistence and enhance elephant conservation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213971</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30901366</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Agricultural land ; Agriculture ; Agriculture & agronomie ; Agriculture & agronomy ; Analysis ; Animals ; Anthropogenic factors ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Buffer zones ; Coexistence ; Conservation ; Conservation of Natural Resources - methods ; Crop damage ; Crop growth ; Crop-raiding ; Crops ; Crops, Agricultural - growth & development ; Deterrents ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Ecosystem ; Elephants ; Elephants - physiology ; Environmental protection ; Farmers ; Fire damage ; Forest damage ; Forest elephant ; Forest products ; Forest products industry ; Forests ; Fruit - growth & development ; Fruit trees ; Fruits ; Gabon ; Human influences ; Human-elephant conflict ; Humans ; Influence ; Life sciences ; Loxodonta africana ; Methods ; National parks ; Non-timber forest resources ; Nutrition ; Parks ; Parks, Recreational ; People and Places ; Plantations ; Protected species ; Raids ; Rural areas ; Rural livelihoods ; Sciences du vivant ; Timber ; Topography ; Trees ; Trees - growth & development ; Veterinary medicine ; Wildlife conservation ; Zoologie ; Zoology</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-03, Vol.14 (3), p.e0213971</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 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Addressing these problems requires identifying the factors that facilitate or impede crop-raiding by forest elephants. Yet to date, the environmental or anthropogenic factors that influence the occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants are largely unknown. We used a multivariate approach to investigate conditions under which forest elephants raid some fields and not others in the buffer zone of Monts de Cristal National Park (MCNP), Gabon. We first interviewed 121 farmers from 11 villages situated within 10 km of MCNP regarding the occurrence of elephant crop-raiding of their fields. We then collected data on 39 explanatory variables to characterize the agricultural fields. Of these, the most important predictors of elephant raid occurrence of crop damage were presence of fruit trees, elephant deterrents (scarecrows, fire, wire string fences and empty barrels), and field topography. 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We discuss whether farming on steep fields could be used as a strategy for mitigating crop-raiding to favor human-elephant coexistence and enhance elephant conservation.</description><subject>Agricultural land</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Agriculture & agronomie</subject><subject>Agriculture & agronomy</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Buffer zones</subject><subject>Coexistence</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources - methods</subject><subject>Crop damage</subject><subject>Crop growth</subject><subject>Crop-raiding</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Crops, Agricultural - growth & development</subject><subject>Deterrents</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Elephants</subject><subject>Elephants - physiology</subject><subject>Environmental 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Cédric</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)?</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2019-03-22</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0213971</spage><pages>e0213971-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Crop damage by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the resulting human-elephant conflict are issues of great concern for both the conservation of the species and the protection of rural livelihoods in Central Africa. Addressing these problems requires identifying the factors that facilitate or impede crop-raiding by forest elephants. Yet to date, the environmental or anthropogenic factors that influence the occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants are largely unknown. We used a multivariate approach to investigate conditions under which forest elephants raid some fields and not others in the buffer zone of Monts de Cristal National Park (MCNP), Gabon. We first interviewed 121 farmers from 11 villages situated within 10 km of MCNP regarding the occurrence of elephant crop-raiding of their fields. We then collected data on 39 explanatory variables to characterize the agricultural fields. Of these, the most important predictors of elephant raid occurrence of crop damage were presence of fruit trees, elephant deterrents (scarecrows, fire, wire string fences and empty barrels), and field topography. We secondly assessed the effect of stage of crop growth, presence of fruit trees, field topography and presence of elephant deterrents on crop-raiding occurrence and intensity by counting raids and measuring areas of crop damage every week in 17 plantations over 19 weeks in the most elephant-impacted zone of the study area. We found that fruit presence and stage of crop growth led to more intense damage to crops, whereas local deterrents did not inhibit raiding events and crop damage by elephants. We report a tradeoff between non-timber forest products (NTFP) services and crop-raiding by elephants. We show for the first time that steep topography impedes elephant damage to crops with no raids recorded in fields with surrounding slopes greater than 25%. We discuss whether farming on steep fields could be used as a strategy for mitigating crop-raiding to favor human-elephant coexistence and enhance elephant conservation.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30901366</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0213971</doi><tpages>e0213971</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-1714</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2019-03, Vol.14 (3), p.e0213971 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2196075606 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Agricultural land Agriculture Agriculture & agronomie Agriculture & agronomy Analysis Animals Anthropogenic factors Biology and Life Sciences Buffer zones Coexistence Conservation Conservation of Natural Resources - methods Crop damage Crop growth Crop-raiding Crops Crops, Agricultural - growth & development Deterrents Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystem Elephants Elephants - physiology Environmental protection Farmers Fire damage Forest damage Forest elephant Forest products Forest products industry Forests Fruit - growth & development Fruit trees Fruits Gabon Human influences Human-elephant conflict Humans Influence Life sciences Loxodonta africana Methods National parks Non-timber forest resources Nutrition Parks Parks, Recreational People and Places Plantations Protected species Raids Rural areas Rural livelihoods Sciences du vivant Timber Topography Trees Trees - growth & development Veterinary medicine Wildlife conservation Zoologie Zoology |
| title | Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)? |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T03%3A20%3A13IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do%20topography%20and%20fruit%20presence%20influence%20occurrence%20and%20intensity%20of%20crop-raiding%20by%20forest%20elephants%20(Loxodonta%20africana%20cyclotis)?&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ngama,%20Steeve&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=e0213971&rft.pages=e0213971-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0213971&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA579769226%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2196075606&rft_id=info:pmid/30901366&rft_galeid=A579769226&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_9f21d46f629e440fb45e47eeeb8b8b90&rfr_iscdi=true |