The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults
It has been demonstrated that, on their own, both exercise and stimulation from the environment can improve cognitive function and well-being in older adults. The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was...
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description | It has been demonstrated that, on their own, both exercise and stimulation from the environment can improve cognitive function and well-being in older adults. The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an outdoor cycling intervention on cognitive function and mental health and well-being in older adults. A total of 100 older adults took part in the study (aged 50-83), 26 of which were non-cycling controls, 36 were conventional pedal cyclists and 38 were participants using an e-bike (a bike fitted with an electric motor to provide assistance with pedaling), as part of a larger project (www.cycleboom.org). Participants took part in the study for an eight-week period, with cycling participants required to cycle at least three times a week for thirty minutes in duration for each cycle ride. Cognitive function and well-being were measured before and after the intervention period. For executive function, namely inhibition (the Stroop task) and updating (Letter Updating Task), both cycling groups improved in accuracy after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. E-bike participants also improved in processing speed (reaction times in go trials of the Stop-It task) after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. Finally, e-bike participants improved in their mental health score after the intervention compared to non-cycling controls as measured by the SF-36. This suggests that there may be an impact of exercising in the environment on executive function and mental health. Importantly, we showed a similar (sometimes larger) effect for the e-bike group compared to the pedal cyclists. This suggests that it is not just the physical activity component of cycling that is having an influence. Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits. |
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The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an outdoor cycling intervention on cognitive function and mental health and well-being in older adults. A total of 100 older adults took part in the study (aged 50-83), 26 of which were non-cycling controls, 36 were conventional pedal cyclists and 38 were participants using an e-bike (a bike fitted with an electric motor to provide assistance with pedaling), as part of a larger project (www.cycleboom.org). Participants took part in the study for an eight-week period, with cycling participants required to cycle at least three times a week for thirty minutes in duration for each cycle ride. Cognitive function and well-being were measured before and after the intervention period. For executive function, namely inhibition (the Stroop task) and updating (Letter Updating Task), both cycling groups improved in accuracy after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. E-bike participants also improved in processing speed (reaction times in go trials of the Stop-It task) after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. Finally, e-bike participants improved in their mental health score after the intervention compared to non-cycling controls as measured by the SF-36. This suggests that there may be an impact of exercising in the environment on executive function and mental health. Importantly, we showed a similar (sometimes larger) effect for the e-bike group compared to the pedal cyclists. This suggests that it is not just the physical activity component of cycling that is having an influence. Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211779</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30785893</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; Aerobics ; Age ; Aged ; Aging ; Alzheimer's disease ; Alzheimers disease ; Analysis ; Bicycles ; Bicycling ; Bicycling - physiology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood flow ; Cognition & reasoning ; Cognition - physiology ; Cognitive ability ; Cycling ; Cyclists ; Dementia ; Elderly ; Elderly people ; Electric bicycles ; Electric motors ; Environment ; Executive function ; Executive Function - physiology ; Exercise ; Exercise - physiology ; Female ; Health surveys ; Humans ; Inhibition (psychology) ; Intervention ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental health ; Middle Aged ; Older people ; Outdoor ; Outdoors ; People and Places ; Physical activity ; Physical fitness ; Physiological aspects ; Psychological aspects ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Retirement benefits ; Social Sciences ; Sports injuries ; Studies ; Well being</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-02, Vol.14 (2), p.e0211779-e0211779</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Leyland et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Aerobics</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Alzheimers disease</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Bicycles</subject><subject>Bicycling</subject><subject>Bicycling - physiology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Cognition - physiology</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Cycling</subject><subject>Cyclists</subject><subject>Dementia</subject><subject>Elderly</subject><subject>Elderly people</subject><subject>Electric bicycles</subject><subject>Electric motors</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Executive function</subject><subject>Executive Function - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Exercise - 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The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an outdoor cycling intervention on cognitive function and mental health and well-being in older adults. A total of 100 older adults took part in the study (aged 50-83), 26 of which were non-cycling controls, 36 were conventional pedal cyclists and 38 were participants using an e-bike (a bike fitted with an electric motor to provide assistance with pedaling), as part of a larger project (www.cycleboom.org). Participants took part in the study for an eight-week period, with cycling participants required to cycle at least three times a week for thirty minutes in duration for each cycle ride. Cognitive function and well-being were measured before and after the intervention period. For executive function, namely inhibition (the Stroop task) and updating (Letter Updating Task), both cycling groups improved in accuracy after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. E-bike participants also improved in processing speed (reaction times in go trials of the Stop-It task) after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. Finally, e-bike participants improved in their mental health score after the intervention compared to non-cycling controls as measured by the SF-36. This suggests that there may be an impact of exercising in the environment on executive function and mental health. Importantly, we showed a similar (sometimes larger) effect for the e-bike group compared to the pedal cyclists. This suggests that it is not just the physical activity component of cycling that is having an influence. Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30785893</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0211779</doi><tpages>e0211779</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-5654</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-6108</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-8509</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Adults Aerobics Age Aged Aging Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers disease Analysis Bicycles Bicycling Bicycling - physiology Biology and Life Sciences Blood flow Cognition & reasoning Cognition - physiology Cognitive ability Cycling Cyclists Dementia Elderly Elderly people Electric bicycles Electric motors Environment Executive function Executive Function - physiology Exercise Exercise - physiology Female Health surveys Humans Inhibition (psychology) Intervention Male Medicine and Health Sciences Mental health Middle Aged Older people Outdoor Outdoors People and Places Physical activity Physical fitness Physiological aspects Psychological aspects Research and Analysis Methods Retirement benefits Social Sciences Sports injuries Studies Well being |
title | The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults |
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