Lifespan differences in emotional contagion while watching emotion-eliciting videos
Previous research has examined empathic concern by presenting toddlers with a sad stimulus and examining their emotional response, with the conclusion that toddlers display empathy. Yet, such research has failed to include basic control conditions involving some other aversive stimulus such as white...
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| creator | Ruffman, Ted Then, Rebecca Cheng, Christie Imuta, Kana |
| description | Previous research has examined empathic concern by presenting toddlers with a sad stimulus and examining their emotional response, with the conclusion that toddlers display empathy. Yet, such research has failed to include basic control conditions involving some other aversive stimulus such as white noise. Nor has it compared toddlers to adults to examine potential development in empathy. In the present study, we showed toddlers and adults four video types: infant crying, infant laughing, infant babbling, and a neutral infant accompanied by white noise. We then coded happiness and sadness while viewing the videos, and created a difference score (happiness minus sadness), testing 52 toddlers and 61 adults. Whereas adults showed more sadness towards infant crying than any other stimulus, toddlers' response to crying and white noise was similar. Thus, the toddler response to crying was comparable to previous studies (slight sadness), but was no different to white noise and was significantly reduced relative to adults. As such, toddlers' response seemed to be better characterized as a reaction to an aversive stimulus rather than empathy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0209253 |
| format | Article |
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Yet, such research has failed to include basic control conditions involving some other aversive stimulus such as white noise. Nor has it compared toddlers to adults to examine potential development in empathy. In the present study, we showed toddlers and adults four video types: infant crying, infant laughing, infant babbling, and a neutral infant accompanied by white noise. We then coded happiness and sadness while viewing the videos, and created a difference score (happiness minus sadness), testing 52 toddlers and 61 adults. Whereas adults showed more sadness towards infant crying than any other stimulus, toddlers' response to crying and white noise was similar. Thus, the toddler response to crying was comparable to previous studies (slight sadness), but was no different to white noise and was significantly reduced relative to adults. As such, toddlers' response seemed to be better characterized as a reaction to an aversive stimulus rather than empathy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209253</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30657754</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acoustic Stimulation ; Acoustics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Adults ; Age ; Age differences (Psychology) ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging - psychology ; Altruism ; Analysis ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Children & youth ; Crying ; Emotional contagion ; Emotional factors ; Emotions ; Empathy ; Engineering and Technology ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Infants ; Influence ; Laughing ; Laughter ; Life span ; Male ; Newborn babies ; Noise ; People and Places ; Photic Stimulation ; Preschool children ; Psychology, Child ; Researchers ; Social Sciences ; White noise ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2019-01, Vol.14 (1), p.e0209253-e0209253</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2019 Ruffman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 Ruffman et al 2019 Ruffman et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-fc2de98802fce058afa70ebd79ee73e911cf48643ad928462d5b44ab11628cb13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-fc2de98802fce058afa70ebd79ee73e911cf48643ad928462d5b44ab11628cb13</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8790-6451</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338362/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338362/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30657754$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Kaufman, Jordy</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ruffman, Ted</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Then, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Christie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Imuta, Kana</creatorcontrib><title>Lifespan differences in emotional contagion while watching emotion-eliciting videos</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Previous research has examined empathic concern by presenting toddlers with a sad stimulus and examining their emotional response, with the conclusion that toddlers display empathy. Yet, such research has failed to include basic control conditions involving some other aversive stimulus such as white noise. Nor has it compared toddlers to adults to examine potential development in empathy. In the present study, we showed toddlers and adults four video types: infant crying, infant laughing, infant babbling, and a neutral infant accompanied by white noise. We then coded happiness and sadness while viewing the videos, and created a difference score (happiness minus sadness), testing 52 toddlers and 61 adults. Whereas adults showed more sadness towards infant crying than any other stimulus, toddlers' response to crying and white noise was similar. Thus, the toddler response to crying was comparable to previous studies (slight sadness), but was no different to white noise and was significantly reduced relative to adults. 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Yet, such research has failed to include basic control conditions involving some other aversive stimulus such as white noise. Nor has it compared toddlers to adults to examine potential development in empathy. In the present study, we showed toddlers and adults four video types: infant crying, infant laughing, infant babbling, and a neutral infant accompanied by white noise. We then coded happiness and sadness while viewing the videos, and created a difference score (happiness minus sadness), testing 52 toddlers and 61 adults. Whereas adults showed more sadness towards infant crying than any other stimulus, toddlers' response to crying and white noise was similar. Thus, the toddler response to crying was comparable to previous studies (slight sadness), but was no different to white noise and was significantly reduced relative to adults. 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| subjects | Acoustic Stimulation Acoustics Adolescent Adult Adults Age Age differences (Psychology) Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging - psychology Altruism Analysis Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Child Development Child, Preschool Children & youth Crying Emotional contagion Emotional factors Emotions Empathy Engineering and Technology Female Happiness Humans Infants Influence Laughing Laughter Life span Male Newborn babies Noise People and Places Photic Stimulation Preschool children Psychology, Child Researchers Social Sciences White noise Young Adult |
| title | Lifespan differences in emotional contagion while watching emotion-eliciting videos |
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