Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors
Studies of rescuing early-career scientists often take narrow approaches and focus on PhD students or postdoc populations. In a multi-method systems approach, we examine the inter-relations between the two ends of the pipeline and ask: what are the effects of late retirement on aging and hiring in a...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2018-12, Vol.13 (12), p.e0208411-e0208411 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | e0208411 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 12 |
| container_start_page | e0208411 |
| container_title | PloS one |
| container_volume | 13 |
| creator | Ghaffarzadegan, Navid Xu, Ran |
| description | Studies of rescuing early-career scientists often take narrow approaches and focus on PhD students or postdoc populations. In a multi-method systems approach, we examine the inter-relations between the two ends of the pipeline and ask: what are the effects of late retirement on aging and hiring in academia? With a simulation model, we postulate that the decline in the retirement rate in academia contributes to the aging pattern through two mechanisms: (a) direct effect: longer stay of established professors, and (b) indirect effect: a hiring decline in tenure-track positions. Late retirement explains more than half of the growth in average age and brings about 20% decline in hiring. We provide empirical evidence based on the natural experimental set-up of the removal of mandatory retirement in the 1990s. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0208411 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_2160730764</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A567393257</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_4b31665f1e3c41ddb4130e834bb582e6</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A567393257</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a0362e0c85c7663ef75f8aacdba6a62e62edca777706cef5d3c057cb5898f123</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNk22L1DAQx4so3rn6DUQLgijc1qRp0u4b4Th8WDg48DzxXZim026WbrImqXjf3uxu79jKvbAptGR-85_JZCZJXlKSUVbSD2s7OAN9trUGM5KTqqD0UXJKFyyfi5ywx0f_J8kz79eEcFYJ8TQ5YYRXoiD5afLzEgKmDoN2uEETzlIE19-mChyi82cpmCYNK0yh06ZLbZveZNdZ6pVGo3BvRRNNEd7Zt8626L11_nnypIXe44vxO0tuPn_6fvF1fnn1ZXlxfjlXYpGHeQGEiRyJqrgqhWDYlrytAFRTg4BoiW-joIwPEQpb3jBFeKlqXi2qluZslrw-6G576-VYFC9zKkjJSCmKSCwPRGNhLbdOb8DdSgta7jes6yS4oFWPsqgZFYK3FJkqaNPUBWUEK1bUMV7MJWp9HKMN9SYmFivmoJ-ITi1Gr2Rnf0vBiMg5jwLvRgFnfw3og9xor7DvwaAd9nlTIviuFLPkzT_ow6cbqQ7iAbRpbYyrdqLynIuSxRbgZaSyB6i4GtxoFTuo1XF_4vB-4hCZgH9CB4P3cnn97f_Zqx9T9u0Ru0Low8rbfgjaGj8FiwOonPXeYXtfZErkbgDuqiF3AyDHAYhur44v6N7pruPZX2S8_y8</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2160730764</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors</title><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid ; Xu, Ran</creator><contributor>Brownie, Sharon Mary</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid ; Xu, Ran ; Brownie, Sharon Mary</creatorcontrib><description>Studies of rescuing early-career scientists often take narrow approaches and focus on PhD students or postdoc populations. In a multi-method systems approach, we examine the inter-relations between the two ends of the pipeline and ask: what are the effects of late retirement on aging and hiring in academia? With a simulation model, we postulate that the decline in the retirement rate in academia contributes to the aging pattern through two mechanisms: (a) direct effect: longer stay of established professors, and (b) indirect effect: a hiring decline in tenure-track positions. Late retirement explains more than half of the growth in average age and brings about 20% decline in hiring. We provide empirical evidence based on the natural experimental set-up of the removal of mandatory retirement in the 1990s.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208411</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30586402</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aging ; Aging (natural) ; Aging - physiology ; Author productivity ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Career Mobility ; Careers ; College faculty ; Computer simulation ; Demographic aspects ; Employment ; Engineering ; Engineering - education ; Engineering teachers ; Faculty - psychology ; Faculty - statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Forecasts and trends ; Higher education ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mandatory retirement ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; People and Places ; Polls & surveys ; Population ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Research funding ; Researchers ; Retirement ; Retirement - statistics & numerical data ; Sample size ; Science - education ; Science Policy ; Science teachers ; Scientists ; Social Sciences ; Studies ; Time Factors ; Tracking ; Trends ; Tuition ; United States - epidemiology ; University professors ; Workforce</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-12, Vol.13 (12), p.e0208411-e0208411</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Ghaffarzadegan, Xu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 Ghaffarzadegan, Xu 2018 Ghaffarzadegan, Xu</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a0362e0c85c7663ef75f8aacdba6a62e62edca777706cef5d3c057cb5898f123</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a0362e0c85c7663ef75f8aacdba6a62e62edca777706cef5d3c057cb5898f123</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3632-8588</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6306255/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6306255/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30586402$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Brownie, Sharon Mary</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Ran</creatorcontrib><title>Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Studies of rescuing early-career scientists often take narrow approaches and focus on PhD students or postdoc populations. In a multi-method systems approach, we examine the inter-relations between the two ends of the pipeline and ask: what are the effects of late retirement on aging and hiring in academia? With a simulation model, we postulate that the decline in the retirement rate in academia contributes to the aging pattern through two mechanisms: (a) direct effect: longer stay of established professors, and (b) indirect effect: a hiring decline in tenure-track positions. Late retirement explains more than half of the growth in average age and brings about 20% decline in hiring. We provide empirical evidence based on the natural experimental set-up of the removal of mandatory retirement in the 1990s.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Aging (natural)</subject><subject>Aging - physiology</subject><subject>Author productivity</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Career Mobility</subject><subject>Careers</subject><subject>College faculty</subject><subject>Computer simulation</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Employment</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Engineering - education</subject><subject>Engineering teachers</subject><subject>Faculty - psychology</subject><subject>Faculty - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Forecasts and trends</subject><subject>Higher education</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mandatory retirement</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Research funding</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Retirement</subject><subject>Retirement - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Sample size</subject><subject>Science - education</subject><subject>Science Policy</subject><subject>Science teachers</subject><subject>Scientists</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Tracking</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Tuition</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>University professors</subject><subject>Workforce</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk22L1DAQx4so3rn6DUQLgijc1qRp0u4b4Th8WDg48DzxXZim026WbrImqXjf3uxu79jKvbAptGR-85_JZCZJXlKSUVbSD2s7OAN9trUGM5KTqqD0UXJKFyyfi5ywx0f_J8kz79eEcFYJ8TQ5YYRXoiD5afLzEgKmDoN2uEETzlIE19-mChyi82cpmCYNK0yh06ZLbZveZNdZ6pVGo3BvRRNNEd7Zt8626L11_nnypIXe44vxO0tuPn_6fvF1fnn1ZXlxfjlXYpGHeQGEiRyJqrgqhWDYlrytAFRTg4BoiW-joIwPEQpb3jBFeKlqXi2qluZslrw-6G576-VYFC9zKkjJSCmKSCwPRGNhLbdOb8DdSgta7jes6yS4oFWPsqgZFYK3FJkqaNPUBWUEK1bUMV7MJWp9HKMN9SYmFivmoJ-ITi1Gr2Rnf0vBiMg5jwLvRgFnfw3og9xor7DvwaAd9nlTIviuFLPkzT_ow6cbqQ7iAbRpbYyrdqLynIuSxRbgZaSyB6i4GtxoFTuo1XF_4vB-4hCZgH9CB4P3cnn97f_Zqx9T9u0Ru0Low8rbfgjaGj8FiwOonPXeYXtfZErkbgDuqiF3AyDHAYhur44v6N7pruPZX2S8_y8</recordid><startdate>20181226</startdate><enddate>20181226</enddate><creator>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid</creator><creator>Xu, Ran</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-8588</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20181226</creationdate><title>Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors</title><author>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid ; Xu, Ran</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a0362e0c85c7663ef75f8aacdba6a62e62edca777706cef5d3c057cb5898f123</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Aging (natural)</topic><topic>Aging - physiology</topic><topic>Author productivity</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Career Mobility</topic><topic>Careers</topic><topic>College faculty</topic><topic>Computer simulation</topic><topic>Demographic aspects</topic><topic>Employment</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Engineering - education</topic><topic>Engineering teachers</topic><topic>Faculty - psychology</topic><topic>Faculty - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Forecasts and trends</topic><topic>Higher education</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mandatory retirement</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Research funding</topic><topic>Researchers</topic><topic>Retirement</topic><topic>Retirement - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Sample size</topic><topic>Science - education</topic><topic>Science Policy</topic><topic>Science teachers</topic><topic>Scientists</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Tracking</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Tuition</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>University professors</topic><topic>Workforce</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Ran</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ghaffarzadegan, Navid</au><au>Xu, Ran</au><au>Brownie, Sharon Mary</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-12-26</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e0208411</spage><epage>e0208411</epage><pages>e0208411-e0208411</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Studies of rescuing early-career scientists often take narrow approaches and focus on PhD students or postdoc populations. In a multi-method systems approach, we examine the inter-relations between the two ends of the pipeline and ask: what are the effects of late retirement on aging and hiring in academia? With a simulation model, we postulate that the decline in the retirement rate in academia contributes to the aging pattern through two mechanisms: (a) direct effect: longer stay of established professors, and (b) indirect effect: a hiring decline in tenure-track positions. Late retirement explains more than half of the growth in average age and brings about 20% decline in hiring. We provide empirical evidence based on the natural experimental set-up of the removal of mandatory retirement in the 1990s.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30586402</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0208411</doi><tpages>e0208411</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-8588</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2018-12, Vol.13 (12), p.e0208411-e0208411 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2160730764 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adult Age Age Factors Aged Aging Aging (natural) Aging - physiology Author productivity Biology and Life Sciences Career Mobility Careers College faculty Computer simulation Demographic aspects Employment Engineering Engineering - education Engineering teachers Faculty - psychology Faculty - statistics & numerical data Female Forecasts and trends Higher education Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Mandatory retirement Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged People and Places Polls & surveys Population Research and Analysis Methods Research funding Researchers Retirement Retirement - statistics & numerical data Sample size Science - education Science Policy Science teachers Scientists Social Sciences Studies Time Factors Tracking Trends Tuition United States - epidemiology University professors Workforce |
| title | Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-28T23%3A35%3A13IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Late%20retirement,%20early%20careers,%20and%20the%20aging%20of%20U.S.%20science%20and%20engineering%20professors&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ghaffarzadegan,%20Navid&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e0208411&rft.epage=e0208411&rft.pages=e0208411-e0208411&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0208411&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA567393257%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2160730764&rft_id=info:pmid/30586402&rft_galeid=A567393257&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_4b31665f1e3c41ddb4130e834bb582e6&rfr_iscdi=true |