Reimmunization increases contraceptive effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and side effects
Wildlife and humans are increasingly competing for resources worldwide, and a diverse, innovative, and effective set of management tools is needed. Controlling abundance of wildlife species that are simultaneously protected, abundant, competitive for resources, and in conflict with some stakeholders...
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| creator | Baker, Dan L Powers, Jenny G Ransom, Jason I McCann, Blake E Oehler, Michael W Bruemmer, Jason E Galloway, Nathan L Eckery, Douglas C Nett, Terry M |
| description | Wildlife and humans are increasingly competing for resources worldwide, and a diverse, innovative, and effective set of management tools is needed. Controlling abundance of wildlife species that are simultaneously protected, abundant, competitive for resources, and in conflict with some stakeholders but beloved by others, is a daunting challenge. Free-ranging horses (Equus caballus) present such a conundrum and managers struggle for effective tools for regulating their abundance. Controlling reproduction of female horses presents a potential alternative. During 2009-2017, we determined the long-term effectiveness of GnRH vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) both as a single immunization and subsequent reimmunization on reproduction and side effects in free-ranging horses. At a scheduled management roundup in 2009, we randomly assigned 57 adult mares to either a GonaCon-Equine treatment group (n = 29) or a saline control group (n = 28). In a second roundup in 2013, we administered a booster vaccination to these same mares. We used annual ground observations to estimate foaling proportions, social behaviors, body condition, and injection site reactions. We found this vaccine to be safe for pregnant females and neonates, with no overt deleterious behavioral side effects during the breeding season. The proportion of treated mares that foaled following a single vaccination was lower than that for control mares for the second (P = 0.03) and third (P = 0.08) post-treatment foaling seasons but was similar (P = 0.67) to untreated mares for the fourth season, demonstrating reversibility of the primary vaccine treatment. After two vaccinations, however, the proportion of females giving birth was lower (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0201570 |
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Controlling abundance of wildlife species that are simultaneously protected, abundant, competitive for resources, and in conflict with some stakeholders but beloved by others, is a daunting challenge. Free-ranging horses (Equus caballus) present such a conundrum and managers struggle for effective tools for regulating their abundance. Controlling reproduction of female horses presents a potential alternative. During 2009-2017, we determined the long-term effectiveness of GnRH vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) both as a single immunization and subsequent reimmunization on reproduction and side effects in free-ranging horses. At a scheduled management roundup in 2009, we randomly assigned 57 adult mares to either a GonaCon-Equine treatment group (n = 29) or a saline control group (n = 28). In a second roundup in 2013, we administered a booster vaccination to these same mares. We used annual ground observations to estimate foaling proportions, social behaviors, body condition, and injection site reactions. We found this vaccine to be safe for pregnant females and neonates, with no overt deleterious behavioral side effects during the breeding season. The proportion of treated mares that foaled following a single vaccination was lower than that for control mares for the second (P = 0.03) and third (P = 0.08) post-treatment foaling seasons but was similar (P = 0.67) to untreated mares for the fourth season, demonstrating reversibility of the primary vaccine treatment. After two vaccinations, however, the proportion of females giving birth was lower (P <0.001) than that for control mares for three consecutive years and ranged from 0.0-0.16. The only detectable adverse side effect of vaccination was intramuscular swelling at the vaccination site. Regardless of vaccine treatment (primary/secondary), approximately 62% (34/55) of immunized mares revealed a visible reaction at the vaccine injection site. However, none of these mares displayed any evidence of lameness, altered gait or abnormal range of movement throughout the 8 years they were observed in this study. Our research suggests that practical application of this vaccine in feral horses will require an initial inoculation that may provide only modest suppression of fertility followed by reimmunization that together could result in greater reduction in population growth rates over time.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201570</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30063758</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abundance ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Breeding ; Breeding seasons ; Deer ; Equus caballus ; Females ; Fertility ; Gait ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Ground-based observation ; Growth rate ; Horses ; Immunization ; Infertility ; Injection ; Inoculation ; Management tools ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; National parks ; Neonates ; Pituitary (anterior) ; Population growth ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; Resource management ; Seasons ; Side effects ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Wildlife ; Wildlife management</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-07, Vol.13 (7), p.e0201570-e0201570</ispartof><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 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Our research suggests that practical application of this vaccine in feral horses will require an initial inoculation that may provide only modest suppression of fertility followed by reimmunization that together could result in greater reduction in population growth rates over time.</description><subject>Abundance</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Breeding</subject><subject>Breeding seasons</subject><subject>Deer</subject><subject>Equus caballus</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Fertility</subject><subject>Gait</subject><subject>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</subject><subject>Gonadotropins</subject><subject>Ground-based observation</subject><subject>Growth rate</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Infertility</subject><subject>Injection</subject><subject>Inoculation</subject><subject>Management tools</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>National 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increases contraceptive effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and side effects</title><author>Baker, Dan L ; Powers, Jenny G ; Ransom, Jason I ; McCann, Blake E ; Oehler, Michael W ; Bruemmer, Jason E ; Galloway, Nathan L ; Eckery, Douglas C ; Nett, Terry M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-179fb74becc7e06b18ba8f6de27d94a09cd63aee8f596ee62c51631e832d1ff3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Abundance</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Breeding</topic><topic>Breeding seasons</topic><topic>Deer</topic><topic>Equus caballus</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Fertility</topic><topic>Gait</topic><topic>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</topic><topic>Gonadotropins</topic><topic>Ground-based observation</topic><topic>Growth 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effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and side effects</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-07-31</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0201570</spage><epage>e0201570</epage><pages>e0201570-e0201570</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Wildlife and humans are increasingly competing for resources worldwide, and a diverse, innovative, and effective set of management tools is needed. Controlling abundance of wildlife species that are simultaneously protected, abundant, competitive for resources, and in conflict with some stakeholders but beloved by others, is a daunting challenge. Free-ranging horses (Equus caballus) present such a conundrum and managers struggle for effective tools for regulating their abundance. Controlling reproduction of female horses presents a potential alternative. During 2009-2017, we determined the long-term effectiveness of GnRH vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) both as a single immunization and subsequent reimmunization on reproduction and side effects in free-ranging horses. At a scheduled management roundup in 2009, we randomly assigned 57 adult mares to either a GonaCon-Equine treatment group (n = 29) or a saline control group (n = 28). In a second roundup in 2013, we administered a booster vaccination to these same mares. We used annual ground observations to estimate foaling proportions, social behaviors, body condition, and injection site reactions. We found this vaccine to be safe for pregnant females and neonates, with no overt deleterious behavioral side effects during the breeding season. The proportion of treated mares that foaled following a single vaccination was lower than that for control mares for the second (P = 0.03) and third (P = 0.08) post-treatment foaling seasons but was similar (P = 0.67) to untreated mares for the fourth season, demonstrating reversibility of the primary vaccine treatment. After two vaccinations, however, the proportion of females giving birth was lower (P <0.001) than that for control mares for three consecutive years and ranged from 0.0-0.16. The only detectable adverse side effect of vaccination was intramuscular swelling at the vaccination site. Regardless of vaccine treatment (primary/secondary), approximately 62% (34/55) of immunized mares revealed a visible reaction at the vaccine injection site. However, none of these mares displayed any evidence of lameness, altered gait or abnormal range of movement throughout the 8 years they were observed in this study. Our research suggests that practical application of this vaccine in feral horses will require an initial inoculation that may provide only modest suppression of fertility followed by reimmunization that together could result in greater reduction in population growth rates over time.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30063758</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0201570</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-7213</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-8147</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Abundance Biology and Life Sciences Breeding Breeding seasons Deer Equus caballus Females Fertility Gait Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropins Ground-based observation Growth rate Horses Immunization Infertility Injection Inoculation Management tools Medicine and Health Sciences National parks Neonates Pituitary (anterior) Population growth Pregnancy Reproduction Resource management Seasons Side effects Vaccination Vaccines Wildlife Wildlife management |
| title | Reimmunization increases contraceptive effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and side effects |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-31T17%3A11%3A37IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reimmunization%20increases%20contraceptive%20effectiveness%20of%20gonadotropin-releasing%20hormone%20vaccine%20(GonaCon-Equine)%20in%20free-ranging%20horses%20(Equus%20caballus):%20Limitations%20and%20side%20effects&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Baker,%20Dan%20L&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e0201570&rft.epage=e0201570&rft.pages=e0201570-e0201570&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0201570&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E2081552199%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2080771771&rft_id=info:pmid/30063758&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_ee50e4d23f60411db91ee110ff15329d&rfr_iscdi=true |