Impact of chlorine dioxide disinfection of irrigation water on the epiphytic bacterial community of baby spinach and underlying soil
The contamination of pathogenic bacteria through irrigation water is a recognized risk factor for fresh produce. Irrigation water disinfection is an intervention strategy that could be applied to reduce the probability of microbiological contamination of crops. Disinfection treatments should be appl...
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| description | The contamination of pathogenic bacteria through irrigation water is a recognized risk factor for fresh produce. Irrigation water disinfection is an intervention strategy that could be applied to reduce the probability of microbiological contamination of crops. Disinfection treatments should be applied ensuring minimum effective doses, which are efficient in inhibiting the microbial contamination while avoiding formation and accumulation of chemical residues. Among disinfection technologies available for growers, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) represents, after sodium hypochlorite, an alternative disinfection treatment, which is commercially applied by growers in the USA and Spain. However, in most of the cases, the suitability of this treatment has been tested against pathogenic bacteria and low attention have been given to the impact of chemical residues on the bacterial community of the vegetable tissue. The aim of this study was to (i) to evaluate the continual application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a water disinfection treatment of irrigation water during baby spinach growth in commercial production open fields, and (ii) to determine the subsequent impact of these treatments on the bacterial communities in water, soil, and baby spinach. To gain insight into the changes in the bacterial community elicited by ClO2, samples of treated and untreated irrigation water as well as the irrigated soil and baby spinach were analyzed using Miseq® Illumina sequencing platform. Next generation sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis revealed that ClO2 treatment of irrigation water did not affect the diversity of the bacterial community of water, soil and crop, but significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of specific bacterial genera. This demonstrates the different susceptibility of the bacteria genera to the ClO2 treatment. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the phyllosphere bacterial community of baby spinach was more influenced by the soil bacteria community rather than that of irrigation water. In the case of baby spinach, the use of low residual ClO2 concentrations (approx. 0.25 mg/L) to treat irrigation water decreased the relative abundance of Pseudomonaceae (2.28-fold) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.5-fold) when comparing treated versus untreated baby spinach. Members of these two bacterial families are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne illnesses. Therefore, a reduction of these bacterial families might b |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0199291 |
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Irrigation water disinfection is an intervention strategy that could be applied to reduce the probability of microbiological contamination of crops. Disinfection treatments should be applied ensuring minimum effective doses, which are efficient in inhibiting the microbial contamination while avoiding formation and accumulation of chemical residues. Among disinfection technologies available for growers, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) represents, after sodium hypochlorite, an alternative disinfection treatment, which is commercially applied by growers in the USA and Spain. However, in most of the cases, the suitability of this treatment has been tested against pathogenic bacteria and low attention have been given to the impact of chemical residues on the bacterial community of the vegetable tissue. The aim of this study was to (i) to evaluate the continual application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a water disinfection treatment of irrigation water during baby spinach growth in commercial production open fields, and (ii) to determine the subsequent impact of these treatments on the bacterial communities in water, soil, and baby spinach. To gain insight into the changes in the bacterial community elicited by ClO2, samples of treated and untreated irrigation water as well as the irrigated soil and baby spinach were analyzed using Miseq® Illumina sequencing platform. Next generation sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis revealed that ClO2 treatment of irrigation water did not affect the diversity of the bacterial community of water, soil and crop, but significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of specific bacterial genera. This demonstrates the different susceptibility of the bacteria genera to the ClO2 treatment. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the phyllosphere bacterial community of baby spinach was more influenced by the soil bacteria community rather than that of irrigation water. In the case of baby spinach, the use of low residual ClO2 concentrations (approx. 0.25 mg/L) to treat irrigation water decreased the relative abundance of Pseudomonaceae (2.28-fold) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.5-fold) when comparing treated versus untreated baby spinach. Members of these two bacterial families are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne illnesses. Therefore, a reduction of these bacterial families might be beneficial for the crop and for food safety. In general it can be concluded that the constant application of ClO2 as a disinfection treatment for irrigation water only caused changes in two bacterial families of the baby spinach and soil microbiota, without affecting the major phyla and classes. The significance of these changes in the bacterial community should be further evaluated.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199291</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30020939</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abundance ; Agricultural management ; Agricultural pollution ; Bacteria ; Biological activity ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Chemical properties ; Chemical residues ; Chlorine ; Chlorine dioxide ; Cloning ; Contamination ; Crops ; Disinfection ; Disinfection & disinfectants ; Drinking water ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Environmental conditions ; Food ; Food borne diseases ; Food contamination ; Food safety ; Food spoilage ; Foodborne diseases ; Illnesses ; Irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methods ; Microbial contamination ; Microbiota ; Microorganisms ; Multivariate statistical analysis ; Organic chemistry ; Pathogenic bacteria ; Phyllosphere ; Pseudomonadaceae ; Relative abundance ; Residues ; Risk factors ; Sediment pollution ; Sodium ; Sodium hypochlorite ; Soil bacteria ; Soil contamination ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil pollution ; Soil water ; Soils ; Spinach ; Spinacia ; Spoilage ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Surface water ; Vegetables ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-07, Vol.13 (7), p.e0199291-e0199291</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Truchado et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 Truchado et al 2018 Truchado et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-53fd74da4fe2cac1352ad0ce7e87777107c9feb6c82acbe60ae08568600e38e93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-53fd74da4fe2cac1352ad0ce7e87777107c9feb6c82acbe60ae08568600e38e93</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5622-4332</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051574/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051574/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30020939$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>van Overbeek, Leonard Simon</contributor><creatorcontrib>Truchado, Pilar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gil, María Isabel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suslow, Trevor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allende, Ana</creatorcontrib><title>Impact of chlorine dioxide disinfection of irrigation water on the epiphytic bacterial community of baby spinach and underlying soil</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The contamination of pathogenic bacteria through irrigation water is a recognized risk factor for fresh produce. Irrigation water disinfection is an intervention strategy that could be applied to reduce the probability of microbiological contamination of crops. Disinfection treatments should be applied ensuring minimum effective doses, which are efficient in inhibiting the microbial contamination while avoiding formation and accumulation of chemical residues. Among disinfection technologies available for growers, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) represents, after sodium hypochlorite, an alternative disinfection treatment, which is commercially applied by growers in the USA and Spain. However, in most of the cases, the suitability of this treatment has been tested against pathogenic bacteria and low attention have been given to the impact of chemical residues on the bacterial community of the vegetable tissue. The aim of this study was to (i) to evaluate the continual application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a water disinfection treatment of irrigation water during baby spinach growth in commercial production open fields, and (ii) to determine the subsequent impact of these treatments on the bacterial communities in water, soil, and baby spinach. To gain insight into the changes in the bacterial community elicited by ClO2, samples of treated and untreated irrigation water as well as the irrigated soil and baby spinach were analyzed using Miseq® Illumina sequencing platform. Next generation sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis revealed that ClO2 treatment of irrigation water did not affect the diversity of the bacterial community of water, soil and crop, but significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of specific bacterial genera. This demonstrates the different susceptibility of the bacteria genera to the ClO2 treatment. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the phyllosphere bacterial community of baby spinach was more influenced by the soil bacteria community rather than that of irrigation water. In the case of baby spinach, the use of low residual ClO2 concentrations (approx. 0.25 mg/L) to treat irrigation water decreased the relative abundance of Pseudomonaceae (2.28-fold) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.5-fold) when comparing treated versus untreated baby spinach. Members of these two bacterial families are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne illnesses. Therefore, a reduction of these bacterial families might be beneficial for the crop and for food safety. In general it can be concluded that the constant application of ClO2 as a disinfection treatment for irrigation water only caused changes in two bacterial families of the baby spinach and soil microbiota, without affecting the major phyla and classes. The significance of these changes in the bacterial community should be further evaluated.</description><subject>Abundance</subject><subject>Agricultural management</subject><subject>Agricultural pollution</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biological activity</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Chemical residues</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chlorine dioxide</subject><subject>Cloning</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Disinfection & disinfectants</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Enterobacteriaceae</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food borne diseases</subject><subject>Food contamination</subject><subject>Food safety</subject><subject>Food spoilage</subject><subject>Foodborne 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one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Truchado, Pilar</au><au>Gil, María Isabel</au><au>Suslow, Trevor</au><au>Allende, Ana</au><au>van Overbeek, Leonard Simon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact of chlorine dioxide disinfection of irrigation water on the epiphytic bacterial community of baby spinach and underlying soil</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-07-18</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0199291</spage><epage>e0199291</epage><pages>e0199291-e0199291</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The contamination of pathogenic bacteria through irrigation water is a recognized risk factor for fresh produce. Irrigation water disinfection is an intervention strategy that could be applied to reduce the probability of microbiological contamination of crops. Disinfection treatments should be applied ensuring minimum effective doses, which are efficient in inhibiting the microbial contamination while avoiding formation and accumulation of chemical residues. Among disinfection technologies available for growers, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) represents, after sodium hypochlorite, an alternative disinfection treatment, which is commercially applied by growers in the USA and Spain. However, in most of the cases, the suitability of this treatment has been tested against pathogenic bacteria and low attention have been given to the impact of chemical residues on the bacterial community of the vegetable tissue. The aim of this study was to (i) to evaluate the continual application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a water disinfection treatment of irrigation water during baby spinach growth in commercial production open fields, and (ii) to determine the subsequent impact of these treatments on the bacterial communities in water, soil, and baby spinach. To gain insight into the changes in the bacterial community elicited by ClO2, samples of treated and untreated irrigation water as well as the irrigated soil and baby spinach were analyzed using Miseq® Illumina sequencing platform. Next generation sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis revealed that ClO2 treatment of irrigation water did not affect the diversity of the bacterial community of water, soil and crop, but significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of specific bacterial genera. This demonstrates the different susceptibility of the bacteria genera to the ClO2 treatment. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the phyllosphere bacterial community of baby spinach was more influenced by the soil bacteria community rather than that of irrigation water. In the case of baby spinach, the use of low residual ClO2 concentrations (approx. 0.25 mg/L) to treat irrigation water decreased the relative abundance of Pseudomonaceae (2.28-fold) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.5-fold) when comparing treated versus untreated baby spinach. Members of these two bacterial families are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne illnesses. Therefore, a reduction of these bacterial families might be beneficial for the crop and for food safety. In general it can be concluded that the constant application of ClO2 as a disinfection treatment for irrigation water only caused changes in two bacterial families of the baby spinach and soil microbiota, without affecting the major phyla and classes. The significance of these changes in the bacterial community should be further evaluated.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>30020939</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0199291</doi><tpages>e0199291</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-4332</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2071541589 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Abundance Agricultural management Agricultural pollution Bacteria Biological activity Biology and Life Sciences Chemical properties Chemical residues Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Cloning Contamination Crops Disinfection Disinfection & disinfectants Drinking water Ecology and Environmental Sciences Enterobacteriaceae Environmental conditions Food Food borne diseases Food contamination Food safety Food spoilage Foodborne diseases Illnesses Irrigation Irrigation water Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Microbial contamination Microbiota Microorganisms Multivariate statistical analysis Organic chemistry Pathogenic bacteria Phyllosphere Pseudomonadaceae Relative abundance Residues Risk factors Sediment pollution Sodium Sodium hypochlorite Soil bacteria Soil contamination Soil microorganisms Soil pollution Soil water Soils Spinach Spinacia Spoilage Statistical analysis Statistical methods Surface water Vegetables Water treatment |
| title | Impact of chlorine dioxide disinfection of irrigation water on the epiphytic bacterial community of baby spinach and underlying soil |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-21T12%3A18%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact%20of%20chlorine%20dioxide%20disinfection%20of%20irrigation%20water%20on%20the%20epiphytic%20bacterial%20community%20of%20baby%20spinach%20and%20underlying%20soil&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Truchado,%20Pilar&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e0199291&rft.epage=e0199291&rft.pages=e0199291-e0199291&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0199291&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA546918275%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2071541589&rft_id=info:pmid/30020939&rft_galeid=A546918275&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_97f61f9a6aae4c8b909b7d7912446ffc&rfr_iscdi=true |