Enhancing glucose flux into sweat by increasing paracellular permeability of the sweat gland
Non-invasive wearable biosensors provide real-time, continuous, and actionable health information. However, difficulties detecting diluted biomarkers in excreted biofluids limit practical applications. Most biomarkers of interest are transported paracellularly into excreted biofluids from biomarker-...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2018-07, Vol.13 (7), p.e0200009-e0200009 |
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| creator | Jajack, Andrew Brothers, Michael Kasting, Gerald Heikenfeld, Jason |
| description | Non-invasive wearable biosensors provide real-time, continuous, and actionable health information. However, difficulties detecting diluted biomarkers in excreted biofluids limit practical applications. Most biomarkers of interest are transported paracellularly into excreted biofluids from biomarker-rich blood and interstitial fluid during normal modulation of cellular tight junctions. Calcium chelators are reversible tight junction modulators that have been shown to increase absorption across the intestinal epithelium. However, calcium chelators have not yet been shown to improve the extraction of biomarkers. Here we show that for glucose, a paracellularly transported biomarker, the flux into sweat can be increased by >10x using citrate, a calcium chelator, in combination with electroosmosis. Our results demonstrate a method of increasing glucose flux through the sweat gland epithelium, thereby increasing the concentration in sweat. Future work should examine if this method enhances flux for other paracellularly transported biomarkers to make it possible to detect more biomarkers with currently available biosensors. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0200009 |
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However, difficulties detecting diluted biomarkers in excreted biofluids limit practical applications. Most biomarkers of interest are transported paracellularly into excreted biofluids from biomarker-rich blood and interstitial fluid during normal modulation of cellular tight junctions. Calcium chelators are reversible tight junction modulators that have been shown to increase absorption across the intestinal epithelium. However, calcium chelators have not yet been shown to improve the extraction of biomarkers. Here we show that for glucose, a paracellularly transported biomarker, the flux into sweat can be increased by >10x using citrate, a calcium chelator, in combination with electroosmosis. Our results demonstrate a method of increasing glucose flux through the sweat gland epithelium, thereby increasing the concentration in sweat. Future work should examine if this method enhances flux for other paracellularly transported biomarkers to make it possible to detect more biomarkers with currently available biosensors.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200009</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30011292</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Biological markers ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomarkers ; Biosensors ; Calcium ; Cell permeability ; Chelating agents ; Citric acid ; Diabetes ; Dilution ; Epithelium ; Exocrine glands ; Fluctuations ; Flux ; Glucose ; Health aspects ; Intestine ; Iontophoresis ; Lipids ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Modulators ; Permeability ; Physical Sciences ; Proteins ; Skin ; Sweat ; Sweat gland ; Sweat glands ; Tight junctions ; Wearable computers</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-07, Vol.13 (7), p.e0200009-e0200009</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Jajack et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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However, difficulties detecting diluted biomarkers in excreted biofluids limit practical applications. Most biomarkers of interest are transported paracellularly into excreted biofluids from biomarker-rich blood and interstitial fluid during normal modulation of cellular tight junctions. Calcium chelators are reversible tight junction modulators that have been shown to increase absorption across the intestinal epithelium. However, calcium chelators have not yet been shown to improve the extraction of biomarkers. Here we show that for glucose, a paracellularly transported biomarker, the flux into sweat can be increased by >10x using citrate, a calcium chelator, in combination with electroosmosis. Our results demonstrate a method of increasing glucose flux through the sweat gland epithelium, thereby increasing the concentration in sweat. 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However, difficulties detecting diluted biomarkers in excreted biofluids limit practical applications. Most biomarkers of interest are transported paracellularly into excreted biofluids from biomarker-rich blood and interstitial fluid during normal modulation of cellular tight junctions. Calcium chelators are reversible tight junction modulators that have been shown to increase absorption across the intestinal epithelium. However, calcium chelators have not yet been shown to improve the extraction of biomarkers. Here we show that for glucose, a paracellularly transported biomarker, the flux into sweat can be increased by >10x using citrate, a calcium chelator, in combination with electroosmosis. Our results demonstrate a method of increasing glucose flux through the sweat gland epithelium, thereby increasing the concentration in sweat. 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| subjects | Biological markers Biology and Life Sciences Biomarkers Biosensors Calcium Cell permeability Chelating agents Citric acid Diabetes Dilution Epithelium Exocrine glands Fluctuations Flux Glucose Health aspects Intestine Iontophoresis Lipids Medicine and Health Sciences Modulators Permeability Physical Sciences Proteins Skin Sweat Sweat gland Sweat glands Tight junctions Wearable computers |
| title | Enhancing glucose flux into sweat by increasing paracellular permeability of the sweat gland |
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