Monitoring the reproductive activity in captive bred female ball pythons (P. regius) by ultrasound evaluation and noninvasive analysis of faecal reproductive hormone (progesterone and 17β-estradiol) metabolites trends
The royal python (Python regius) is commonly bred in captivity. To have a successful breeding season, accurate monitoring of the reproductive activity is necessary. The use of non-invasive monitoring methods in exotics is important in order to minimize stress. For this purpose ultrasound has been an...
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| creator | Bertocchi, Mara Pelizzone, Igor Parmigiani, Enrico Ponzio, Patrizia Macchi, Elisabetta Righi, Federico Di Girolamo, Nicola Bigliardi, Enrico Denti, Laura Bresciani, Carla Di Ianni, Francesco |
| description | The royal python (Python regius) is commonly bred in captivity. To have a successful breeding season, accurate monitoring of the reproductive activity is necessary. The use of non-invasive monitoring methods in exotics is important in order to minimize stress. For this purpose ultrasound has been anecdotally used to monitor royal python reproductive activity. However, there is limited information regarding the reproductive cycle of this species. The aim of the present study is to monitor the female reproductive cycle of the royal python using ultrasonography and gonadal steroid metabolite measurements in the faeces. The reproductive activity of one hundred twenty-nine adult female P. regius was examined during two consecutive years. We performed brief scans on non-anaesthetized snakes using a portable ultrasound system and a 10-12 MHz linear array transducer (MyLab™ 30 Gold, Esaote). Ultrasound features, dimension and echogenicity of the reproductive structures were determined. During the second reproductive cycle, the hormonal profiles of 30 animals were also evaluated, with a monthly collection of faecal samples. These samples were classified according to reproductive stage, as identified by ultrasonographic examination, and the mean faecal progesterone and 17β-estradiol levels were calculated using the results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Progesterone levels increased during the reproductive cycle. Estradiol levels showed greater variability, although they appeared to increase before coupling when compared to the levels between coupling and egg laying. The present study suggests that it is possible to identify different phases in the female royal python reproductive cycle: anovulatory phase, transition, folliculogenesis and embryogenesis. Ultrasound is also useful for identifying follicular regression or slugs. Gonadal steroid metabolite measurements from the faeces could help integrate reproductive information. The use of ultrasonography in addition to the steroid metabolite measurement in the faeces gives an accurate picture of ovarian activity in captive adult female royal pythons. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0199377 |
| format | Article |
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To have a successful breeding season, accurate monitoring of the reproductive activity is necessary. The use of non-invasive monitoring methods in exotics is important in order to minimize stress. For this purpose ultrasound has been anecdotally used to monitor royal python reproductive activity. However, there is limited information regarding the reproductive cycle of this species. The aim of the present study is to monitor the female reproductive cycle of the royal python using ultrasonography and gonadal steroid metabolite measurements in the faeces. The reproductive activity of one hundred twenty-nine adult female P. regius was examined during two consecutive years. We performed brief scans on non-anaesthetized snakes using a portable ultrasound system and a 10-12 MHz linear array transducer (MyLab™ 30 Gold, Esaote). Ultrasound features, dimension and echogenicity of the reproductive structures were determined. During the second reproductive cycle, the hormonal profiles of 30 animals were also evaluated, with a monthly collection of faecal samples. These samples were classified according to reproductive stage, as identified by ultrasonographic examination, and the mean faecal progesterone and 17β-estradiol levels were calculated using the results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Progesterone levels increased during the reproductive cycle. Estradiol levels showed greater variability, although they appeared to increase before coupling when compared to the levels between coupling and egg laying. The present study suggests that it is possible to identify different phases in the female royal python reproductive cycle: anovulatory phase, transition, folliculogenesis and embryogenesis. Ultrasound is also useful for identifying follicular regression or slugs. Gonadal steroid metabolite measurements from the faeces could help integrate reproductive information. The use of ultrasonography in addition to the steroid metabolite measurement in the faeces gives an accurate picture of ovarian activity in captive adult female royal pythons.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199377</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29949610</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>17β-Estradiol ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Breeding ; Breeding seasons ; Calcification ; Captivity ; Chelydra serpentina ; Coupling ; Cuora flavomarginata ; Egg laying ; Eggs ; Embryogenesis ; Embryonic growth stage ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Eretmochelys imbricata ; Estradiol - metabolism ; Feces ; Feces - chemistry ; Female ; Females ; Folliculogenesis ; Gender differences ; Gold ; Hormones ; Hormones - metabolism ; Information processing ; Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Metabolites ; Methods ; Monitoring ; Monitoring methods ; Phase transitions ; Physical Sciences ; Progesterone ; Progesterone - metabolism ; Python regius ; Regression analysis ; Reproduction ; Reproductive cycle ; Reptiles & amphibians ; Reptilia ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Seasons ; Sex hormones ; Slugs ; Snakes ; Snakes - physiology ; Steroids ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasound ; Veterinary medicine</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-06, Vol.13 (6), p.e0199377-e0199377</ispartof><rights>2018 Bertocchi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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To have a successful breeding season, accurate monitoring of the reproductive activity is necessary. The use of non-invasive monitoring methods in exotics is important in order to minimize stress. For this purpose ultrasound has been anecdotally used to monitor royal python reproductive activity. However, there is limited information regarding the reproductive cycle of this species. The aim of the present study is to monitor the female reproductive cycle of the royal python using ultrasonography and gonadal steroid metabolite measurements in the faeces. The reproductive activity of one hundred twenty-nine adult female P. regius was examined during two consecutive years. We performed brief scans on non-anaesthetized snakes using a portable ultrasound system and a 10-12 MHz linear array transducer (MyLab™ 30 Gold, Esaote). Ultrasound features, dimension and echogenicity of the reproductive structures were determined. During the second reproductive cycle, the hormonal profiles of 30 animals were also evaluated, with a monthly collection of faecal samples. These samples were classified according to reproductive stage, as identified by ultrasonographic examination, and the mean faecal progesterone and 17β-estradiol levels were calculated using the results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Progesterone levels increased during the reproductive cycle. Estradiol levels showed greater variability, although they appeared to increase before coupling when compared to the levels between coupling and egg laying. The present study suggests that it is possible to identify different phases in the female royal python reproductive cycle: anovulatory phase, transition, folliculogenesis and embryogenesis. Ultrasound is also useful for identifying follicular regression or slugs. Gonadal steroid metabolite measurements from the faeces could help integrate reproductive information. The use of ultrasonography in addition to the steroid metabolite measurement in the faeces gives an accurate picture of ovarian activity in captive adult female royal pythons.</description><subject>17β-Estradiol</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Breeding</subject><subject>Breeding seasons</subject><subject>Calcification</subject><subject>Captivity</subject><subject>Chelydra serpentina</subject><subject>Coupling</subject><subject>Cuora flavomarginata</subject><subject>Egg laying</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>Embryogenesis</subject><subject>Embryonic growth stage</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Eretmochelys imbricata</subject><subject>Estradiol - metabolism</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - chemistry</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Folliculogenesis</subject><subject>Gender 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the reproductive activity in captive bred female ball pythons (P. regius) by ultrasound evaluation and noninvasive analysis of faecal reproductive hormone (progesterone and 17β-estradiol) metabolites trends</title><author>Bertocchi, Mara ; Pelizzone, Igor ; Parmigiani, Enrico ; Ponzio, Patrizia ; Macchi, Elisabetta ; Righi, Federico ; Di Girolamo, Nicola ; Bigliardi, Enrico ; Denti, Laura ; Bresciani, Carla ; Di Ianni, Francesco</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-2bcc5702fd25cba955f4cbd62dfde7f5d28a8a78169406ac3ad125bc2f5865c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>17β-Estradiol</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Breeding</topic><topic>Breeding seasons</topic><topic>Calcification</topic><topic>Captivity</topic><topic>Chelydra serpentina</topic><topic>Coupling</topic><topic>Cuora 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Francesco</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Monitoring the reproductive activity in captive bred female ball pythons (P. regius) by ultrasound evaluation and noninvasive analysis of faecal reproductive hormone (progesterone and 17β-estradiol) metabolites trends</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-06-27</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0199377</spage><epage>e0199377</epage><pages>e0199377-e0199377</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The royal python (Python regius) is commonly bred in captivity. To have a successful breeding season, accurate monitoring of the reproductive activity is necessary. The use of non-invasive monitoring methods in exotics is important in order to minimize stress. For this purpose ultrasound has been anecdotally used to monitor royal python reproductive activity. However, there is limited information regarding the reproductive cycle of this species. The aim of the present study is to monitor the female reproductive cycle of the royal python using ultrasonography and gonadal steroid metabolite measurements in the faeces. The reproductive activity of one hundred twenty-nine adult female P. regius was examined during two consecutive years. We performed brief scans on non-anaesthetized snakes using a portable ultrasound system and a 10-12 MHz linear array transducer (MyLab™ 30 Gold, Esaote). Ultrasound features, dimension and echogenicity of the reproductive structures were determined. During the second reproductive cycle, the hormonal profiles of 30 animals were also evaluated, with a monthly collection of faecal samples. These samples were classified according to reproductive stage, as identified by ultrasonographic examination, and the mean faecal progesterone and 17β-estradiol levels were calculated using the results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Progesterone levels increased during the reproductive cycle. Estradiol levels showed greater variability, although they appeared to increase before coupling when compared to the levels between coupling and egg laying. The present study suggests that it is possible to identify different phases in the female royal python reproductive cycle: anovulatory phase, transition, folliculogenesis and embryogenesis. Ultrasound is also useful for identifying follicular regression or slugs. Gonadal steroid metabolite measurements from the faeces could help integrate reproductive information. The use of ultrasonography in addition to the steroid metabolite measurement in the faeces gives an accurate picture of ovarian activity in captive adult female royal pythons.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29949610</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0199377</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7969-1518</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-9332</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2018-06, Vol.13 (6), p.e0199377-e0199377 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2060856115 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Free E-Journal (出版社公開部分のみ）; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | 17β-Estradiol Animals Biology and Life Sciences Breeding Breeding seasons Calcification Captivity Chelydra serpentina Coupling Cuora flavomarginata Egg laying Eggs Embryogenesis Embryonic growth stage Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Eretmochelys imbricata Estradiol - metabolism Feces Feces - chemistry Female Females Folliculogenesis Gender differences Gold Hormones Hormones - metabolism Information processing Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolites Methods Monitoring Monitoring methods Phase transitions Physical Sciences Progesterone Progesterone - metabolism Python regius Regression analysis Reproduction Reproductive cycle Reptiles & amphibians Reptilia Research and Analysis Methods Seasons Sex hormones Slugs Snakes Snakes - physiology Steroids Ultrasonic imaging Ultrasonography Ultrasound Veterinary medicine |
| title | Monitoring the reproductive activity in captive bred female ball pythons (P. regius) by ultrasound evaluation and noninvasive analysis of faecal reproductive hormone (progesterone and 17β-estradiol) metabolites trends |
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