Women's experiences of mistreatment during childbirth: A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan
Respectful and dignified healthcare is a fundamental right for every woman. However, many women seeking childbirth services, especially those in low-income countries such as Pakistan, are mistreated by their birth attendants. The aim of this epidemiological study was to estimate the prevalence of mi...
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| description | Respectful and dignified healthcare is a fundamental right for every woman. However, many women seeking childbirth services, especially those in low-income countries such as Pakistan, are mistreated by their birth attendants. The aim of this epidemiological study was to estimate the prevalence of mistreatment and types of mistreatment among women giving birth in facility- and home-based settings in Pakistan in order to address the lack of empirical evidence on this topic. The study also examined the association between demographics (socio-demographic, reproductive history and empowerment status) and mistreatment, both in general and according to birth setting (whether home- or facility-based).
In phase one, we identified 24 mistreatment indicators through an extensive literature review. We then pre-tested these indicators and classified them into seven behavioural types. During phase two, the survey was conducted (April-May 2013) in 14 districts across Pakistan. A total of 1,334 women who had given birth at home or in a healthcare facility over the past 12 months were interviewed. Linear regression analysis was employed for the full data set, and for facility- and home-based births separately, using Stata version 14.1.
There were no significant differences in manifestations of mistreatment between facility- and home-based childbirths. Approximately 97% of women reported experiencing at least one disrespectful and abusive behaviour. Experiences of mistreatment by type were as follows: non-consented care (81%); right to information (72%); non-confidential care (69%); verbal abuse (35%); abandonment of care (32%); discriminatory care (15%); and physical abuse (15%). In overall analysis, experience of mistreatment was lower among women who were unemployed (β = -1.17, 95% CI -1.81, -0.53); and higher among less empowered women (β = 0.11, 95% CI 0.06, 0.16); and those assisted by a traditional birth attendant as opposed to a general physician (β = 0.94, 95% CI 0.13, 1.75). Sub-group analyses for home-based births identified the same significant associations with mistreatment, with ethnicity included. In facility-based births, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and empowerment status and mistreatment. Women with prior education on birth preparedness were less likely to experience mistreatment compared to those who had received no previous birth preparedness education.
In order to promote care that is woman-centred and provided in a re |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0194601 |
| format | Article |
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In phase one, we identified 24 mistreatment indicators through an extensive literature review. We then pre-tested these indicators and classified them into seven behavioural types. During phase two, the survey was conducted (April-May 2013) in 14 districts across Pakistan. A total of 1,334 women who had given birth at home or in a healthcare facility over the past 12 months were interviewed. Linear regression analysis was employed for the full data set, and for facility- and home-based births separately, using Stata version 14.1.
There were no significant differences in manifestations of mistreatment between facility- and home-based childbirths. Approximately 97% of women reported experiencing at least one disrespectful and abusive behaviour. Experiences of mistreatment by type were as follows: non-consented care (81%); right to information (72%); non-confidential care (69%); verbal abuse (35%); abandonment of care (32%); discriminatory care (15%); and physical abuse (15%). In overall analysis, experience of mistreatment was lower among women who were unemployed (β = -1.17, 95% CI -1.81, -0.53); and higher among less empowered women (β = 0.11, 95% CI 0.06, 0.16); and those assisted by a traditional birth attendant as opposed to a general physician (β = 0.94, 95% CI 0.13, 1.75). Sub-group analyses for home-based births identified the same significant associations with mistreatment, with ethnicity included. In facility-based births, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and empowerment status and mistreatment. Women with prior education on birth preparedness were less likely to experience mistreatment compared to those who had received no previous birth preparedness education.
In order to promote care that is woman-centred and provided in a respectful and culturally appropriate manner, service providers should be cognisant of the current situation and ensure provision of quality antenatal care. At the community level, women should seek antenatal care for improved birth preparedness, while at the interpersonal level strategies should be devised to leverage women's ability to participate in key household decisions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194601</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29547632</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abandonment ; Abuse ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Birth ; Childbirth & labor ; Delivery, Obstetric - economics ; Delivery, Obstetric - methods ; Delivery, Obstetric - psychology ; Delivery, Obstetric - standards ; Demographics ; Demography ; Education ; Empirical analysis ; Empowerment ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Health care ; Health care policy ; Health facilities ; Health Services Accessibility ; Home births ; Home Childbirth - psychology ; Hospitals ; Human rights ; Humans ; Identification methods ; Indicators ; Literature reviews ; Maternal child nursing ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Pakistan - epidemiology ; Parturition - psychology ; Pediatrics ; People and Places ; Perception ; Physical Abuse - psychology ; Physical Abuse - statistics & numerical data ; Population ; Poverty ; Pregnancy ; Public health ; Puerperal Disorders - epidemiology ; Puerperal Disorders - etiology ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; Quality of Health Care - economics ; Quality of Health Care - standards ; Regression analysis ; Reproductive health ; Social Discrimination - psychology ; Social Discrimination - statistics & numerical data ; Social sciences ; Sustainable development ; Systematic review ; Womens health ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e0194601-e0194601</ispartof><rights>2018 Hameed, Avan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 Hameed, Avan 2018 Hameed, Avan</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-5c78e2f550713938b677ab8d77f0b3203391153d73635eac647456b3bfb0e8733</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-5c78e2f550713938b677ab8d77f0b3203391153d73635eac647456b3bfb0e8733</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8100-9474</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856402/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856402/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23847,27903,27904,53768,53770,79345,79346</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29547632$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Bazzano, Alessandra N.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Hameed, Waqas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avan, Bilal Iqbal</creatorcontrib><title>Women's experiences of mistreatment during childbirth: A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Respectful and dignified healthcare is a fundamental right for every woman. However, many women seeking childbirth services, especially those in low-income countries such as Pakistan, are mistreated by their birth attendants. The aim of this epidemiological study was to estimate the prevalence of mistreatment and types of mistreatment among women giving birth in facility- and home-based settings in Pakistan in order to address the lack of empirical evidence on this topic. The study also examined the association between demographics (socio-demographic, reproductive history and empowerment status) and mistreatment, both in general and according to birth setting (whether home- or facility-based).
In phase one, we identified 24 mistreatment indicators through an extensive literature review. We then pre-tested these indicators and classified them into seven behavioural types. During phase two, the survey was conducted (April-May 2013) in 14 districts across Pakistan. A total of 1,334 women who had given birth at home or in a healthcare facility over the past 12 months were interviewed. Linear regression analysis was employed for the full data set, and for facility- and home-based births separately, using Stata version 14.1.
There were no significant differences in manifestations of mistreatment between facility- and home-based childbirths. Approximately 97% of women reported experiencing at least one disrespectful and abusive behaviour. Experiences of mistreatment by type were as follows: non-consented care (81%); right to information (72%); non-confidential care (69%); verbal abuse (35%); abandonment of care (32%); discriminatory care (15%); and physical abuse (15%). In overall analysis, experience of mistreatment was lower among women who were unemployed (β = -1.17, 95% CI -1.81, -0.53); and higher among less empowered women (β = 0.11, 95% CI 0.06, 0.16); and those assisted by a traditional birth attendant as opposed to a general physician (β = 0.94, 95% CI 0.13, 1.75). Sub-group analyses for home-based births identified the same significant associations with mistreatment, with ethnicity included. In facility-based births, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and empowerment status and mistreatment. Women with prior education on birth preparedness were less likely to experience mistreatment compared to those who had received no previous birth preparedness education.
In order to promote care that is woman-centred and provided in a respectful and culturally appropriate manner, service providers should be cognisant of the current situation and ensure provision of quality antenatal care. At the community level, women should seek antenatal care for improved birth preparedness, while at the interpersonal level strategies should be devised to leverage women's ability to participate in key household decisions.</description><subject>Abandonment</subject><subject>Abuse</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Attitude of Health Personnel</subject><subject>Birth</subject><subject>Childbirth & labor</subject><subject>Delivery, Obstetric - economics</subject><subject>Delivery, Obstetric - methods</subject><subject>Delivery, Obstetric - psychology</subject><subject>Delivery, Obstetric - standards</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Empirical analysis</subject><subject>Empowerment</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health care policy</subject><subject>Health facilities</subject><subject>Health Services Accessibility</subject><subject>Home births</subject><subject>Home Childbirth - psychology</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Human rights</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification methods</subject><subject>Indicators</subject><subject>Literature reviews</subject><subject>Maternal child nursing</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Pakistan - epidemiology</subject><subject>Parturition - psychology</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Perception</subject><subject>Physical Abuse - psychology</subject><subject>Physical Abuse - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Poverty</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Puerperal Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Puerperal Disorders - etiology</subject><subject>Quality Indicators, Health Care</subject><subject>Quality of Health Care - economics</subject><subject>Quality of Health Care - standards</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Reproductive health</subject><subject>Social Discrimination - psychology</subject><subject>Social Discrimination - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Social sciences</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUk1v1DAUjBCIlsI_QGCJA1yy2PFXwgGpqvioVAkOII6W7bzsekns1E6W9t_j7aZVizjZ8puZ9-Z5iuIlwStCJXm_DXP0ul-NwcMKk4YJTB4Vx6ShVSkqTB_fux8Vz1LaYsxpLcTT4qhqOJOCVsfF1a8wgH-bEFyNEB14CwmFDg0uTRH0lIsTaufo_BrZjetb4-K0-YBOkQ3DqKOe3A7QzsGfPWuTxUqkfYs6bV3vpuvS6AQtumEl5Dz6rn9nae2fF0863Sd4sZwnxc_Pn36cfS0vvn05Pzu9KC2vxFRyK2uoOs6xJLShtRFSalO3UnbY0GyNNoRw2koqKAdtBZOMC0NNZzDUktKT4vVBd-xDUsvSkqowYayhsmYZcX5AtEFv1RjdoOO1Ctqpm4cQ10rHydkeFBdNiwXWTasZM5VpCCdgOmmI4aYiOGt9XLrNZoDW5u1F3T8QfVjxbqPWYad4zQXDVRZ4twjEcDlDmlT-CQt9rz2E-TB3w7NlkaFv_oH-3x07oGwMKUXo7oYhWO2DdMtS-yCpJUiZ9uq-kTvSbXLoX_4Xxuk</recordid><startdate>20180316</startdate><enddate>20180316</enddate><creator>Hameed, Waqas</creator><creator>Avan, Bilal Iqbal</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-9474</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180316</creationdate><title>Women's experiences of mistreatment during childbirth: A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan</title><author>Hameed, Waqas ; Avan, Bilal Iqbal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-5c78e2f550713938b677ab8d77f0b3203391153d73635eac647456b3bfb0e8733</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Abandonment</topic><topic>Abuse</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Attitude of Health Personnel</topic><topic>Birth</topic><topic>Childbirth & labor</topic><topic>Delivery, Obstetric - 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psychology</topic><topic>Physical Abuse - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Poverty</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Puerperal Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Puerperal Disorders - etiology</topic><topic>Quality Indicators, Health Care</topic><topic>Quality of Health Care - economics</topic><topic>Quality of Health Care - standards</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Reproductive health</topic><topic>Social Discrimination - psychology</topic><topic>Social Discrimination - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Social sciences</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Systematic review</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hameed, Waqas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avan, Bilal Iqbal</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hameed, Waqas</au><au>Avan, Bilal Iqbal</au><au>Bazzano, Alessandra N.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Women's experiences of mistreatment during childbirth: A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2018-03-16</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0194601</spage><epage>e0194601</epage><pages>e0194601-e0194601</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Respectful and dignified healthcare is a fundamental right for every woman. However, many women seeking childbirth services, especially those in low-income countries such as Pakistan, are mistreated by their birth attendants. The aim of this epidemiological study was to estimate the prevalence of mistreatment and types of mistreatment among women giving birth in facility- and home-based settings in Pakistan in order to address the lack of empirical evidence on this topic. The study also examined the association between demographics (socio-demographic, reproductive history and empowerment status) and mistreatment, both in general and according to birth setting (whether home- or facility-based).
In phase one, we identified 24 mistreatment indicators through an extensive literature review. We then pre-tested these indicators and classified them into seven behavioural types. During phase two, the survey was conducted (April-May 2013) in 14 districts across Pakistan. A total of 1,334 women who had given birth at home or in a healthcare facility over the past 12 months were interviewed. Linear regression analysis was employed for the full data set, and for facility- and home-based births separately, using Stata version 14.1.
There were no significant differences in manifestations of mistreatment between facility- and home-based childbirths. Approximately 97% of women reported experiencing at least one disrespectful and abusive behaviour. Experiences of mistreatment by type were as follows: non-consented care (81%); right to information (72%); non-confidential care (69%); verbal abuse (35%); abandonment of care (32%); discriminatory care (15%); and physical abuse (15%). In overall analysis, experience of mistreatment was lower among women who were unemployed (β = -1.17, 95% CI -1.81, -0.53); and higher among less empowered women (β = 0.11, 95% CI 0.06, 0.16); and those assisted by a traditional birth attendant as opposed to a general physician (β = 0.94, 95% CI 0.13, 1.75). Sub-group analyses for home-based births identified the same significant associations with mistreatment, with ethnicity included. In facility-based births, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and empowerment status and mistreatment. Women with prior education on birth preparedness were less likely to experience mistreatment compared to those who had received no previous birth preparedness education.
In order to promote care that is woman-centred and provided in a respectful and culturally appropriate manner, service providers should be cognisant of the current situation and ensure provision of quality antenatal care. At the community level, women should seek antenatal care for improved birth preparedness, while at the interpersonal level strategies should be devised to leverage women's ability to participate in key household decisions.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29547632</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0194601</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-9474</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2018-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e0194601-e0194601 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2014493784 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Abandonment Abuse Adolescent Adult Attitude of Health Personnel Birth Childbirth & labor Delivery, Obstetric - economics Delivery, Obstetric - methods Delivery, Obstetric - psychology Delivery, Obstetric - standards Demographics Demography Education Empirical analysis Empowerment Epidemiology Female Health care Health care policy Health facilities Health Services Accessibility Home births Home Childbirth - psychology Hospitals Human rights Humans Identification methods Indicators Literature reviews Maternal child nursing Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Minority & ethnic groups Pakistan - epidemiology Parturition - psychology Pediatrics People and Places Perception Physical Abuse - psychology Physical Abuse - statistics & numerical data Population Poverty Pregnancy Public health Puerperal Disorders - epidemiology Puerperal Disorders - etiology Quality Indicators, Health Care Quality of Health Care - economics Quality of Health Care - standards Regression analysis Reproductive health Social Discrimination - psychology Social Discrimination - statistics & numerical data Social sciences Sustainable development Systematic review Womens health Young Adult |
| title | Women's experiences of mistreatment during childbirth: A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-28T09%3A24%3A34IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women's%20experiences%20of%20mistreatment%20during%20childbirth:%20A%20comparative%20view%20of%20home-%20and%20facility-based%20births%20in%20Pakistan&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Hameed,%20Waqas&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=e0194601&rft.epage=e0194601&rft.pages=e0194601-e0194601&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194601&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E2014951156%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2014493784&rft_id=info:pmid/29547632&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_569d060a9da44b2b9151ebf7b1b5b210&rfr_iscdi=true |