Systematic review of palm oil consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease
The high amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) coupled with the rising availability and consumption of palm oil have lead to the assumption that palm oil contributes to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. We aimed at systematically synthesising the association of palm oil...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2018-02, Vol.13 (2), p.e0193533 |
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| description | The high amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) coupled with the rising availability and consumption of palm oil have lead to the assumption that palm oil contributes to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. We aimed at systematically synthesising the association of palm oil consumption with cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality.
We systematically searched Central, Medline and Embase databases up to June 2017 without restriction on setting or language. We performed separate searches based on the outcomes: coronary heart disease and stroke, using keywords related to these outcomes and palm oil. We searched for published interventional and observational studies in adults (Age: >18 years old). Two investigators extracted data and a consensus was reached with involvement of a third. Only narrative synthesis was performed for all of the studies, as the data could not be pooled.
Our search retrieved 2,738 citations for stroke with one included study and 1,777 citations for coronary heart disease (CHD) with four included studies. Palmitic acid was reported to be associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 2.76; 95%CI = 1.39-5.47). Total SFA intake was reported to be not significant for risk of MI. Varying intake of fried foods, highest contributor to total SFA with 36% of households using palm oil for frying, showed no significant associations to risk of MI. Odds of developing first non-fatal acute MI was higher in palm oil compared to soybean oil with 5% trans-fat (OR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.09-1.62) than palm oil compared to soybean oil with 22% trans-fat (OR = 1.16; 95%CI = 0.86-1.56). Nevertheless, these risk estimates were non-significant and imprecise. The trend amongst those taking staple pattern diet (characterised by higher palm oil, red meat and added sugar consumption) was inconsistent across the factor score quintiles. During the years of 1980 and 1997, for every additional kilogram of palm oil consumed per-capita annually, CHD mortality risk was 68 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI = 21-115) in developing countries and 17 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = 5.3-29) in high-income countries, whereas stroke was associated with 19 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = -12-49) and 5.1 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: -1.2-11) respectively. The evidence for the outcomes of this review were all graded as very low. The findings of this review should be interpreted with some caution, owing to the lack of a pooled effect est |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0193533 |
| format | Article |
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We systematically searched Central, Medline and Embase databases up to June 2017 without restriction on setting or language. We performed separate searches based on the outcomes: coronary heart disease and stroke, using keywords related to these outcomes and palm oil. We searched for published interventional and observational studies in adults (Age: >18 years old). Two investigators extracted data and a consensus was reached with involvement of a third. Only narrative synthesis was performed for all of the studies, as the data could not be pooled.
Our search retrieved 2,738 citations for stroke with one included study and 1,777 citations for coronary heart disease (CHD) with four included studies. Palmitic acid was reported to be associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 2.76; 95%CI = 1.39-5.47). Total SFA intake was reported to be not significant for risk of MI. Varying intake of fried foods, highest contributor to total SFA with 36% of households using palm oil for frying, showed no significant associations to risk of MI. Odds of developing first non-fatal acute MI was higher in palm oil compared to soybean oil with 5% trans-fat (OR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.09-1.62) than palm oil compared to soybean oil with 22% trans-fat (OR = 1.16; 95%CI = 0.86-1.56). Nevertheless, these risk estimates were non-significant and imprecise. The trend amongst those taking staple pattern diet (characterised by higher palm oil, red meat and added sugar consumption) was inconsistent across the factor score quintiles. During the years of 1980 and 1997, for every additional kilogram of palm oil consumed per-capita annually, CHD mortality risk was 68 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI = 21-115) in developing countries and 17 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = 5.3-29) in high-income countries, whereas stroke was associated with 19 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = -12-49) and 5.1 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: -1.2-11) respectively. The evidence for the outcomes of this review were all graded as very low. The findings of this review should be interpreted with some caution, owing to the lack of a pooled effect estimate of the association, significant bias in selection criteria and confounding factors, inclusion of other food items together with palm oil, and the possible out-dated trend in the ecological study.
In view of the abundance of palm oil in the market, quantifying its true association with CVD outcomes is challenging. The present review could not establish strong evidence for or against palm oil consumption relating to cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality. Further studies are needed to establish the association of palm oil with CVD. A healthy overall diet should still be prioritised for good cardiometabolic health.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193533</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29489910</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cardiovascular disease ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced ; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology ; Cerebral infarction ; Coronary artery disease ; Developing countries ; Diet ; Ecological monitoring ; Ecological studies ; Elaeis guineensis ; Fatalities ; Fatty acids ; Food ; Food intake ; Frying ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Heart attacks ; Heart diseases ; Households ; Humans ; LDCs ; Meat ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mortality ; Myocardial infarction ; Oils & fats ; Palm oil ; Palm Oil - adverse effects ; Palmitic acid ; Reviews ; Risk ; Risk factors ; Saturated fatty acids ; Soybean oil ; Soybeans ; Sugar ; Systematic review ; Vegetable oils</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2018-02, Vol.13 (2), p.e0193533</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2018 Ismail et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 Ismail et al 2018 Ismail et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-ebd8285ffb57b11d9b18a3e9d2b9ce0ea6993e0c131fb86827c0e114956a02223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-ebd8285ffb57b11d9b18a3e9d2b9ce0ea6993e0c131fb86827c0e114956a02223</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4271-0241</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831100/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831100/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29489910$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Atkin, Stephen L</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Sophia Rasheeqa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maarof, Siti Khuzaimah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siedar Ali, Syazwani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Azizan</creatorcontrib><title>Systematic review of palm oil consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The high amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) coupled with the rising availability and consumption of palm oil have lead to the assumption that palm oil contributes to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. We aimed at systematically synthesising the association of palm oil consumption with cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality.
We systematically searched Central, Medline and Embase databases up to June 2017 without restriction on setting or language. We performed separate searches based on the outcomes: coronary heart disease and stroke, using keywords related to these outcomes and palm oil. We searched for published interventional and observational studies in adults (Age: >18 years old). Two investigators extracted data and a consensus was reached with involvement of a third. Only narrative synthesis was performed for all of the studies, as the data could not be pooled.
Our search retrieved 2,738 citations for stroke with one included study and 1,777 citations for coronary heart disease (CHD) with four included studies. Palmitic acid was reported to be associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 2.76; 95%CI = 1.39-5.47). Total SFA intake was reported to be not significant for risk of MI. Varying intake of fried foods, highest contributor to total SFA with 36% of households using palm oil for frying, showed no significant associations to risk of MI. Odds of developing first non-fatal acute MI was higher in palm oil compared to soybean oil with 5% trans-fat (OR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.09-1.62) than palm oil compared to soybean oil with 22% trans-fat (OR = 1.16; 95%CI = 0.86-1.56). Nevertheless, these risk estimates were non-significant and imprecise. The trend amongst those taking staple pattern diet (characterised by higher palm oil, red meat and added sugar consumption) was inconsistent across the factor score quintiles. During the years of 1980 and 1997, for every additional kilogram of palm oil consumed per-capita annually, CHD mortality risk was 68 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI = 21-115) in developing countries and 17 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = 5.3-29) in high-income countries, whereas stroke was associated with 19 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = -12-49) and 5.1 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: -1.2-11) respectively. The evidence for the outcomes of this review were all graded as very low. The findings of this review should be interpreted with some caution, owing to the lack of a pooled effect estimate of the association, significant bias in selection criteria and confounding factors, inclusion of other food items together with palm oil, and the possible out-dated trend in the ecological study.
In view of the abundance of palm oil in the market, quantifying its true association with CVD outcomes is challenging. The present review could not establish strong evidence for or against palm oil consumption relating to cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality. Further studies are needed to establish the association of palm oil with CVD. A healthy overall diet should still be prioritised for good cardiometabolic health.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cerebral infarction</subject><subject>Coronary artery disease</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Ecological monitoring</subject><subject>Ecological studies</subject><subject>Elaeis guineensis</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food intake</subject><subject>Frying</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heart attacks</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Meat</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Myocardial infarction</subject><subject>Oils & fats</subject><subject>Palm oil</subject><subject>Palm Oil - adverse effects</subject><subject>Palmitic acid</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Saturated fatty acids</subject><subject>Soybean oil</subject><subject>Soybeans</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Vegetable oils</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl2L1DAUhoso7u7oPxAtCAtezJiPpk1uhGXxY2BhxVVvw2l6OpOxbWaTdnT_vRmnu0xBQXKRkDznPcmbN0leULKgvKBvN27wHTSLretwQajigvNHyWlcsHnOCH98tD5JzkLYECK4zPOnyQlTmVSKktPk881d6LGF3prU487iz9TV6RaaNnW2SY3rwtBue-u6FLoq7deYeht-7CEDvrJuB8EMDfi0sgEh4LPkSQ1NwOfjPEu-fXj_9fLT_Or64_Ly4mpuCiH7OZaVZFLUdSmKktJKlVQCR1WxUhkkCLlSHImhnNalzCUrDEFKMyVyIIwxPkteHXS3jQt6NCNoRohinGQqj8TyQFQONnrrbQv-Tjuw-s-G8ysNPr67QZ2RTEJZcpEJyHIupIrtWYUFN1AX0cBZ8m7sNpQtVga73kMzEZ2edHatV26nheSUkr3A61HAu9sBQ_-PK4_UCuKtbFe7KGZaG4y-EExxkov4zbNk8RcqjgpbG38Maxv3JwVvJgWR6fFXv4IhBL28-fL_7PX3KXt-xK4Rmn4dXDPs4xKmYHYAjXcheKwfnKNE79N874bep1mPaY5lL49dfyi6jy__DY9W7uc</recordid><startdate>20180228</startdate><enddate>20180228</enddate><creator>Ismail, Sophia Rasheeqa</creator><creator>Maarof, Siti Khuzaimah</creator><creator>Siedar Ali, Syazwani</creator><creator>Ali, Azizan</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-0241</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180228</creationdate><title>Systematic review of palm oil consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease</title><author>Ismail, Sophia Rasheeqa ; Maarof, Siti Khuzaimah ; Siedar Ali, Syazwani ; Ali, Azizan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-ebd8285ffb57b11d9b18a3e9d2b9ce0ea6993e0c131fb86827c0e114956a02223</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cardiovascular disease</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cerebral infarction</topic><topic>Coronary artery disease</topic><topic>Developing countries</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Ecological monitoring</topic><topic>Ecological studies</topic><topic>Elaeis guineensis</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food intake</topic><topic>Frying</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Heart attacks</topic><topic>Heart diseases</topic><topic>Households</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>LDCs</topic><topic>Meat</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Myocardial infarction</topic><topic>Oils & fats</topic><topic>Palm oil</topic><topic>Palm Oil - adverse effects</topic><topic>Palmitic acid</topic><topic>Reviews</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Saturated fatty acids</topic><topic>Soybean oil</topic><topic>Soybeans</topic><topic>Sugar</topic><topic>Systematic review</topic><topic>Vegetable oils</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Sophia Rasheeqa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maarof, Siti Khuzaimah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siedar Ali, Syazwani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Azizan</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health and Medical</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>https://resources.nclive.org/materials</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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We aimed at systematically synthesising the association of palm oil consumption with cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality.
We systematically searched Central, Medline and Embase databases up to June 2017 without restriction on setting or language. We performed separate searches based on the outcomes: coronary heart disease and stroke, using keywords related to these outcomes and palm oil. We searched for published interventional and observational studies in adults (Age: >18 years old). Two investigators extracted data and a consensus was reached with involvement of a third. Only narrative synthesis was performed for all of the studies, as the data could not be pooled.
Our search retrieved 2,738 citations for stroke with one included study and 1,777 citations for coronary heart disease (CHD) with four included studies. Palmitic acid was reported to be associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 2.76; 95%CI = 1.39-5.47). Total SFA intake was reported to be not significant for risk of MI. Varying intake of fried foods, highest contributor to total SFA with 36% of households using palm oil for frying, showed no significant associations to risk of MI. Odds of developing first non-fatal acute MI was higher in palm oil compared to soybean oil with 5% trans-fat (OR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.09-1.62) than palm oil compared to soybean oil with 22% trans-fat (OR = 1.16; 95%CI = 0.86-1.56). Nevertheless, these risk estimates were non-significant and imprecise. The trend amongst those taking staple pattern diet (characterised by higher palm oil, red meat and added sugar consumption) was inconsistent across the factor score quintiles. During the years of 1980 and 1997, for every additional kilogram of palm oil consumed per-capita annually, CHD mortality risk was 68 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI = 21-115) in developing countries and 17 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = 5.3-29) in high-income countries, whereas stroke was associated with 19 deaths per 100,000 (95%CI = -12-49) and 5.1 deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: -1.2-11) respectively. The evidence for the outcomes of this review were all graded as very low. The findings of this review should be interpreted with some caution, owing to the lack of a pooled effect estimate of the association, significant bias in selection criteria and confounding factors, inclusion of other food items together with palm oil, and the possible out-dated trend in the ecological study.
In view of the abundance of palm oil in the market, quantifying its true association with CVD outcomes is challenging. The present review could not establish strong evidence for or against palm oil consumption relating to cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality. Further studies are needed to establish the association of palm oil with CVD. A healthy overall diet should still be prioritised for good cardiometabolic health.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29489910</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0193533</doi><tpages>e0193533</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-0241</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2018-02, Vol.13 (2), p.e0193533 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2009230496 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; Free E-Journal (出版社公開部分のみ）; PubMed Central; Directory of Open Access Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adults Biology and Life Sciences Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology Cerebral infarction Coronary artery disease Developing countries Diet Ecological monitoring Ecological studies Elaeis guineensis Fatalities Fatty acids Food Food intake Frying Health aspects Health risks Heart attacks Heart diseases Households Humans LDCs Meat Medicine and Health Sciences Mortality Myocardial infarction Oils & fats Palm oil Palm Oil - adverse effects Palmitic acid Reviews Risk Risk factors Saturated fatty acids Soybean oil Soybeans Sugar Systematic review Vegetable oils |
| title | Systematic review of palm oil consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-01T09%3A11%3A20IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Systematic%20review%20of%20palm%20oil%20consumption%20and%20the%20risk%20of%20cardiovascular%20disease&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ismail,%20Sophia%20Rasheeqa&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e0193533&rft.pages=e0193533-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193533&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA529306535%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2009230496&rft_id=info:pmid/29489910&rft_galeid=A529306535&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_4048abb3545a4635896992de73caf720&rfr_iscdi=true |