Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children
Objective of this study was to examine the impact of executive function (EF) on mathematical and attention problems in very preterm (gestational age ≤ 30 weeks) children. Participants were 200 very preterm (mean age 8.2 ± 2.5 years) and 230 term children (mean age 8.3 ± 2.3 years) without severe dis...
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| description | Objective of this study was to examine the impact of executive function (EF) on mathematical and attention problems in very preterm (gestational age ≤ 30 weeks) children. Participants were 200 very preterm (mean age 8.2 ± 2.5 years) and 230 term children (mean age 8.3 ± 2.3 years) without severe disabilities, born between 1996 and 2004. EFs assessed included verbal fluency, verbal working memory, visuospatial span, planning, and impulse control. Mathematics was assessed with the Dutch Pupil Monitoring System and parents and teachers rated attention problems using standardized behavior questionnaires. The impact of EF was calculated over and above processing speed indices and IQ. Interactions with group (very preterm versus term birth status) were examined. Analyses were conducted separately for two subsamples: children in preschool and children in primary school. Very preterm children performed poorer on tests for mathematics and had more parent and teacher rated attention problems than term controls (ß(s)>.11, P(s).16, P(s) |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055994 |
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Participants were 200 very preterm (mean age 8.2 ± 2.5 years) and 230 term children (mean age 8.3 ± 2.3 years) without severe disabilities, born between 1996 and 2004. EFs assessed included verbal fluency, verbal working memory, visuospatial span, planning, and impulse control. Mathematics was assessed with the Dutch Pupil Monitoring System and parents and teachers rated attention problems using standardized behavior questionnaires. The impact of EF was calculated over and above processing speed indices and IQ. Interactions with group (very preterm versus term birth status) were examined. Analyses were conducted separately for two subsamples: children in preschool and children in primary school. Very preterm children performed poorer on tests for mathematics and had more parent and teacher rated attention problems than term controls (ß(s)>.11, P(s)<.01). IQ contributed unique variance to mathematics in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>.16, P(s)<.007). A significant interaction of group with IQ (ß = -. 24, P = .02) showed that IQ contributed unique variance to attention problems as rated by teachers, but that effects were stronger for very preterm than for term infants. Over and above IQ, EF contributed unique variance to mathematics in primary school (ß = .13, P<.001), to parent rated inattention in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>-.16, P(s)<.04), and to teacher rated inattention in primary school (ß = -.19; ß = .19, P(s)<.009). In conclusion, impaired EF is, over and above impaired IQ, an important predictor for poor mathematics and attention problems following very preterm birth.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055994</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23390558</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Academic achievement ; Age ; Attention ; Attention (Psychology) ; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; Behavior ; Biology ; Birth ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral palsy ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders - psychology ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Children & youth ; Cognition Disorders - psychology ; Disabilities ; Executive function ; Executive Function - physiology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hyperactivity ; Impulsive behavior ; Infant, Extremely Premature - physiology ; Infant, Extremely Premature - psychology ; Infant, Newborn ; Infants ; Intelligence ; Intelligence (Psychology) ; Intelligence - physiology ; Male ; Mathematical analysis ; Mathematics ; Medicine ; Memory ; Memory, Short-Term ; Monitoring systems ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parents ; Pregnancy ; Premature birth ; Premature infants ; Psychiatry ; Psychological aspects ; Schools ; Short term memory ; Social and Behavioral Sciences ; Spatial memory ; Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teachers</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-02, Vol.8 (2), p.e55994-e55994</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Aarnoudse-Moens et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Aarnoudse-Moens et al 2013 Aarnoudse-Moens et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-a66121d2a13246632600173bc59a9f4ce11e6c8d6ce7fee5dfae893da36505103</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-a66121d2a13246632600173bc59a9f4ce11e6c8d6ce7fee5dfae893da36505103</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563540/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563540/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23390558$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Aarnoudse-Moens, Cornelieke Sandrine Hanan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weisglas-Kuperus, Nynke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duivenvoorden, Hugo Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Goudoever, Johannes Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oosterlaan, Jaap</creatorcontrib><title>Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Objective of this study was to examine the impact of executive function (EF) on mathematical and attention problems in very preterm (gestational age ≤ 30 weeks) children. Participants were 200 very preterm (mean age 8.2 ± 2.5 years) and 230 term children (mean age 8.3 ± 2.3 years) without severe disabilities, born between 1996 and 2004. EFs assessed included verbal fluency, verbal working memory, visuospatial span, planning, and impulse control. Mathematics was assessed with the Dutch Pupil Monitoring System and parents and teachers rated attention problems using standardized behavior questionnaires. The impact of EF was calculated over and above processing speed indices and IQ. Interactions with group (very preterm versus term birth status) were examined. Analyses were conducted separately for two subsamples: children in preschool and children in primary school. Very preterm children performed poorer on tests for mathematics and had more parent and teacher rated attention problems than term controls (ß(s)>.11, P(s)<.01). IQ contributed unique variance to mathematics in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>.16, P(s)<.007). A significant interaction of group with IQ (ß = -. 24, P = .02) showed that IQ contributed unique variance to attention problems as rated by teachers, but that effects were stronger for very preterm than for term infants. Over and above IQ, EF contributed unique variance to mathematics in primary school (ß = .13, P<.001), to parent rated inattention in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>-.16, P(s)<.04), and to teacher rated inattention in primary school (ß = -.19; ß = .19, P(s)<.009). In conclusion, impaired EF is, over and above impaired IQ, an important predictor for poor mathematics and attention problems following very preterm birth.</description><subject>Academic achievement</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Attention</subject><subject>Attention (Psychology)</subject><subject>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Birth</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Cerebral palsy</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child Behavior Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cognition Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Disabilities</subject><subject>Executive function</subject><subject>Executive Function - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gestational Age</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperactivity</subject><subject>Impulsive behavior</subject><subject>Infant, Extremely Premature - physiology</subject><subject>Infant, Extremely Premature - psychology</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Intelligence</subject><subject>Intelligence (Psychology)</subject><subject>Intelligence - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Mathematics</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Memory</subject><subject>Memory, Short-Term</subject><subject>Monitoring systems</subject><subject>Neuropsychological Tests</subject><subject>Parents</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Premature birth</subject><subject>Premature infants</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Short term memory</subject><subject>Social and Behavioral Sciences</subject><subject>Spatial memory</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Teachers</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl1r2zAUhs3YWLts_2BshsHYLpLp2_bNoJR2CxTKPi8nFPk4cZClVJJD--8rJ25Jxi52IwnpOe_ReXmz7DVGM0wL_Gntem-VmW2chRlCnFcVe5Kd4oqSqSCIPj04n2QvQlgniJZCPM9OCKVVqihPsz8Xt6D72G4hb3qrY-tsrmydz7_lGw91q2PeqbiCtLRamd2bihHsjtx4tzDQhby1-Rb83VATwXe5XrWm9mBfZs8aZQK8GvdJ9uvy4uf51-nV9Zf5-dnVVBe4ilMlBCa4JgpTwoSgRCCEC7rQvFJVwzRgDEKXtdBQNAC8bhSUFa0VFRxxjOgke7vX3RgX5GhNkLgqcCEwZzQR8z1RO7WWG992yt9Jp1q5u3B-KZVPMxqQC4ZoVdSINFwxwuuSDd4qxAsQDSaD1uexW7_ooNbJDa_Mkejxi21Xcum2knJBORu--2EU8O6mhxBl1wYNxigLrk__JiVngvCET7J3f6H_nm6klioN0NrGpb56EJVnrCgZxYKTRH08orSzEW7jUvUhyPmP7__PXv8-Zt8fsCtQJq6CM_2QkXAMsj2ovQvBQ_PoGUZySPXDcHJItRxTncreHPr9WPQQY3oPmBTx0w</recordid><startdate>20130204</startdate><enddate>20130204</enddate><creator>Aarnoudse-Moens, Cornelieke Sandrine Hanan</creator><creator>Weisglas-Kuperus, Nynke</creator><creator>Duivenvoorden, Hugo Joseph</creator><creator>van Goudoever, Johannes Bernard</creator><creator>Oosterlaan, Jaap</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQGLB</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130204</creationdate><title>Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children</title><author>Aarnoudse-Moens, Cornelieke Sandrine Hanan ; Weisglas-Kuperus, Nynke ; Duivenvoorden, Hugo Joseph ; van Goudoever, Johannes Bernard ; Oosterlaan, Jaap</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-a66121d2a13246632600173bc59a9f4ce11e6c8d6ce7fee5dfae893da36505103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Academic achievement</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Attention</topic><topic>Attention (Psychology)</topic><topic>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Birth</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Cerebral palsy</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child Behavior Disorders - psychology</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cognition Disorders - psychology</topic><topic>Disabilities</topic><topic>Executive function</topic><topic>Executive Function - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gestational Age</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperactivity</topic><topic>Impulsive behavior</topic><topic>Infant, Extremely Premature - physiology</topic><topic>Infant, Extremely Premature - psychology</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Infants</topic><topic>Intelligence</topic><topic>Intelligence (Psychology)</topic><topic>Intelligence - physiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Mathematics</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Memory</topic><topic>Memory, Short-Term</topic><topic>Monitoring systems</topic><topic>Neuropsychological Tests</topic><topic>Parents</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Premature birth</topic><topic>Premature infants</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Schools</topic><topic>Short term memory</topic><topic>Social and Behavioral Sciences</topic><topic>Spatial memory</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Teachers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Aarnoudse-Moens, Cornelieke Sandrine Hanan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weisglas-Kuperus, Nynke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duivenvoorden, Hugo Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Goudoever, Johannes Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oosterlaan, Jaap</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Aarnoudse-Moens, Cornelieke Sandrine Hanan</au><au>Weisglas-Kuperus, Nynke</au><au>Duivenvoorden, Hugo Joseph</au><au>van Goudoever, Johannes Bernard</au><au>Oosterlaan, Jaap</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-02-04</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e55994</spage><epage>e55994</epage><pages>e55994-e55994</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Objective of this study was to examine the impact of executive function (EF) on mathematical and attention problems in very preterm (gestational age ≤ 30 weeks) children. Participants were 200 very preterm (mean age 8.2 ± 2.5 years) and 230 term children (mean age 8.3 ± 2.3 years) without severe disabilities, born between 1996 and 2004. EFs assessed included verbal fluency, verbal working memory, visuospatial span, planning, and impulse control. Mathematics was assessed with the Dutch Pupil Monitoring System and parents and teachers rated attention problems using standardized behavior questionnaires. The impact of EF was calculated over and above processing speed indices and IQ. Interactions with group (very preterm versus term birth status) were examined. Analyses were conducted separately for two subsamples: children in preschool and children in primary school. Very preterm children performed poorer on tests for mathematics and had more parent and teacher rated attention problems than term controls (ß(s)>.11, P(s)<.01). IQ contributed unique variance to mathematics in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>.16, P(s)<.007). A significant interaction of group with IQ (ß = -. 24, P = .02) showed that IQ contributed unique variance to attention problems as rated by teachers, but that effects were stronger for very preterm than for term infants. Over and above IQ, EF contributed unique variance to mathematics in primary school (ß = .13, P<.001), to parent rated inattention in preschool and in primary school (ß(s)>-.16, P(s)<.04), and to teacher rated inattention in primary school (ß = -.19; ß = .19, P(s)<.009). In conclusion, impaired EF is, over and above impaired IQ, an important predictor for poor mathematics and attention problems following very preterm birth.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23390558</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0055994</doi><tpages>e55994</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2013-02, Vol.8 (2), p.e55994-e55994 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Academic achievement Age Attention Attention (Psychology) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Behavior Biology Birth Case-Control Studies Cerebral palsy Child Child Behavior Disorders - psychology Child, Preschool Children Children & youth Cognition Disorders - psychology Disabilities Executive function Executive Function - physiology Female Gestational Age Humans Hyperactivity Impulsive behavior Infant, Extremely Premature - physiology Infant, Extremely Premature - psychology Infant, Newborn Infants Intelligence Intelligence (Psychology) Intelligence - physiology Male Mathematical analysis Mathematics Medicine Memory Memory, Short-Term Monitoring systems Neuropsychological Tests Parents Pregnancy Premature birth Premature infants Psychiatry Psychological aspects Schools Short term memory Social and Behavioral Sciences Spatial memory Studies Surveys and Questionnaires Teachers |
| title | Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-15T14%3A15%3A28IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Executive%20function%20and%20IQ%20predict%20mathematical%20and%20attention%20problems%20in%20very%20preterm%20children&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Aarnoudse-Moens,%20Cornelieke%20Sandrine%20Hanan&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e55994&rft.epage=e55994&rft.pages=e55994-e55994&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055994&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478431652%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1971761543&rft_id=info:pmid/23390558&rft_galeid=A478431652&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_b40397d02f5a425d845994a057e6f123&rfr_iscdi=true |