Water extract from the leaves of Withania somnifera protect RA differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
Glutamate neurotoxicity has been implicated in stroke, head trauma, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Search for herbal remedies that may possibly act as therapeutic agents is an active area of research to combat these diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neu...
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| description | Glutamate neurotoxicity has been implicated in stroke, head trauma, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Search for herbal remedies that may possibly act as therapeutic agents is an active area of research to combat these diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), also known as Indian ginseng, against glutamate induced toxicity in the retinoic acid differentiated rat glioma (C6) and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells. The neuroprotective activity of the Ashwagandha leaves derived water extract (ASH-WEX) was evaluated. Cell viability and the expression of glial and neuronal cell differentiation markers was examined in glutamate challenged differentiated cells with and without the presence of ASH-WEX. We demonstrate that RA-differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells, when exposed to glutamate, undergo loss of neural network and cell death that was accompanied by increase in the stress protein HSP70. ASH-WEX pre-treatment inhibited glutamate-induced cell death and was able to revert glutamate-induced changes in HSP70 to a large extent. Furthermore, the analysis on the neuronal plasticity marker NCAM (Neural cell adhesion molecule) and its polysialylated form, PSA-NCAM revealed that ASH-WEX has therapeutic potential for prevention of neurodegeneration associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicty. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0037080 |
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Search for herbal remedies that may possibly act as therapeutic agents is an active area of research to combat these diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), also known as Indian ginseng, against glutamate induced toxicity in the retinoic acid differentiated rat glioma (C6) and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells. The neuroprotective activity of the Ashwagandha leaves derived water extract (ASH-WEX) was evaluated. Cell viability and the expression of glial and neuronal cell differentiation markers was examined in glutamate challenged differentiated cells with and without the presence of ASH-WEX. We demonstrate that RA-differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells, when exposed to glutamate, undergo loss of neural network and cell death that was accompanied by increase in the stress protein HSP70. ASH-WEX pre-treatment inhibited glutamate-induced cell death and was able to revert glutamate-induced changes in HSP70 to a large extent. Furthermore, the analysis on the neuronal plasticity marker NCAM (Neural cell adhesion molecule) and its polysialylated form, PSA-NCAM revealed that ASH-WEX has therapeutic potential for prevention of neurodegeneration associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicty.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037080</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22606332</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acids ; Amino acids ; Analysis ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Apoptosis ; Artificial neural networks ; Ashes ; Biology ; Brain research ; Brain tumors ; Cell adhesion ; Cell adhesion & migration ; Cell adhesion molecules ; Cell death ; Cell Death - drug effects ; Cell differentiation ; Cell Differentiation - drug effects ; Cell Line ; Chemical compounds ; Chemistry ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - isolation & purification ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology ; Excitotoxicity ; Free radicals ; Ginseng ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - metabolism ; Glioma ; Glutamate ; Glutamic Acid - toxicity ; Head ; Head injuries ; Health aspects ; Heat shock proteins ; Herbal medicine ; Histograms ; Homeostasis ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins - metabolism ; Hsp70 protein ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Leaves ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - metabolism ; Multiple sclerosis ; Nerve Degeneration - prevention & control ; Nervous system diseases ; Neural cell adhesion molecule ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules - metabolism ; Neural networks ; Neurodegeneration ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Neurofilament Proteins - metabolism ; Neurological disorders ; Neuronal-glial interactions ; Neurons - drug effects ; Neurons - metabolism ; Neurons - pathology ; Neuroplasticity ; Neuroprotection ; Neuroprotective Agents - isolation & purification ; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology ; Neurotoxicity ; Neurotoxins - antagonists & inhibitors ; Neurotoxins - toxicity ; Pharmacology ; Phytochemicals ; Plant Extracts - pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; Plants, Medicinal ; Plasticity (neural) ; Potassium ; Rats ; Retinoic acid ; Rodents ; Stroke ; Studies ; Toxicity ; Trauma ; Tretinoin - pharmacology ; Withania ; Withania somnifera</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2012-05, Vol.7 (5), p.e37080</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2012 Kataria et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Search for herbal remedies that may possibly act as therapeutic agents is an active area of research to combat these diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), also known as Indian ginseng, against glutamate induced toxicity in the retinoic acid differentiated rat glioma (C6) and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells. The neuroprotective activity of the Ashwagandha leaves derived water extract (ASH-WEX) was evaluated. Cell viability and the expression of glial and neuronal cell differentiation markers was examined in glutamate challenged differentiated cells with and without the presence of ASH-WEX. We demonstrate that RA-differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells, when exposed to glutamate, undergo loss of neural network and cell death that was accompanied by increase in the stress protein HSP70. ASH-WEX pre-treatment inhibited glutamate-induced cell death and was able to revert glutamate-induced changes in HSP70 to a large extent. Furthermore, the analysis on the neuronal plasticity marker NCAM (Neural cell adhesion molecule) and its polysialylated form, PSA-NCAM revealed that ASH-WEX has therapeutic potential for prevention of neurodegeneration associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicty.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Artificial neural networks</subject><subject>Ashes</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Brain tumors</subject><subject>Cell adhesion</subject><subject>Cell adhesion & migration</subject><subject>Cell adhesion molecules</subject><subject>Cell death</subject><subject>Cell Death - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell differentiation</subject><subject>Cell Differentiation - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Line</subject><subject>Chemical compounds</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - 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metabolism</subject><subject>Neural networks</subject><subject>Neurodegeneration</subject><subject>Neurodegenerative diseases</subject><subject>Neurofilament Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Neurological disorders</subject><subject>Neuronal-glial interactions</subject><subject>Neurons - drug effects</subject><subject>Neurons - metabolism</subject><subject>Neurons - pathology</subject><subject>Neuroplasticity</subject><subject>Neuroprotection</subject><subject>Neuroprotective Agents - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Neurotoxicity</subject><subject>Neurotoxins - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Neurotoxins - toxicity</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</subject><subject>Plant Leaves</subject><subject>Plants, Medicinal</subject><subject>Plasticity (neural)</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Retinoic acid</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Trauma</subject><subject>Tretinoin - 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Search for herbal remedies that may possibly act as therapeutic agents is an active area of research to combat these diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), also known as Indian ginseng, against glutamate induced toxicity in the retinoic acid differentiated rat glioma (C6) and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells. The neuroprotective activity of the Ashwagandha leaves derived water extract (ASH-WEX) was evaluated. Cell viability and the expression of glial and neuronal cell differentiation markers was examined in glutamate challenged differentiated cells with and without the presence of ASH-WEX. We demonstrate that RA-differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells, when exposed to glutamate, undergo loss of neural network and cell death that was accompanied by increase in the stress protein HSP70. ASH-WEX pre-treatment inhibited glutamate-induced cell death and was able to revert glutamate-induced changes in HSP70 to a large extent. Furthermore, the analysis on the neuronal plasticity marker NCAM (Neural cell adhesion molecule) and its polysialylated form, PSA-NCAM revealed that ASH-WEX has therapeutic potential for prevention of neurodegeneration associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicty.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22606332</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0037080</doi><tpages>e37080</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1967987107 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acids Amino acids Analysis Animals Antioxidants Apoptosis Artificial neural networks Ashes Biology Brain research Brain tumors Cell adhesion Cell adhesion & migration Cell adhesion molecules Cell death Cell Death - drug effects Cell differentiation Cell Differentiation - drug effects Cell Line Chemical compounds Chemistry Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - isolation & purification Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - pharmacology Excitotoxicity Free radicals Ginseng Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - metabolism Glioma Glutamate Glutamic Acid - toxicity Head Head injuries Health aspects Heat shock proteins Herbal medicine Histograms Homeostasis HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins - metabolism Hsp70 protein Humans Ischemia Leaves Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - metabolism Multiple sclerosis Nerve Degeneration - prevention & control Nervous system diseases Neural cell adhesion molecule Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules - metabolism Neural networks Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative diseases Neurofilament Proteins - metabolism Neurological disorders Neuronal-glial interactions Neurons - drug effects Neurons - metabolism Neurons - pathology Neuroplasticity Neuroprotection Neuroprotective Agents - isolation & purification Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology Neurotoxicity Neurotoxins - antagonists & inhibitors Neurotoxins - toxicity Pharmacology Phytochemicals Plant Extracts - pharmacology Plant Leaves Plants, Medicinal Plasticity (neural) Potassium Rats Retinoic acid Rodents Stroke Studies Toxicity Trauma Tretinoin - pharmacology Withania Withania somnifera |
| title | Water extract from the leaves of Withania somnifera protect RA differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-16T00%3A45%3A51IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Water%20extract%20from%20the%20leaves%20of%20Withania%20somnifera%20protect%20RA%20differentiated%20C6%20and%20IMR-32%20cells%20against%20glutamate-induced%20excitotoxicity&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Kataria,%20Hardeep&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e37080&rft.pages=e37080-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037080&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA477116483%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1967987107&rft_id=info:pmid/22606332&rft_galeid=A477116483&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_05db7e0e40ad45218875d858e5dd57f0&rfr_iscdi=true |