The composition and initial evaluation of a grimace scale in ferrets after surgical implantation of a telemetry probe
Reliable recognition of pain is difficult in ferrets as many currently available parameters are non-specific, inconsistent and/or impractical. Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace...
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| creator | Reijgwart, Marsinah L Schoemaker, Nico J Pascuzzo, Riccardo Leach, Matthew C Stodel, Melanie de Nies, Loes Hendriksen, Coenraad F M van der Meer, Miriam Vinke, Claudia M van Zeeland, Yvonne R A |
| description | Reliable recognition of pain is difficult in ferrets as many currently available parameters are non-specific, inconsistent and/or impractical. Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace Scale (FGS), we studied the facial musculature of ferrets and compared lateral photographs of 19 ferret faces at six time points before and after intraperitoneal telemetry probe implantation. We identified the Action Units (AUs) orbital tightening, nose bulging, cheek bulging, ear changes and whisker retraction as potential indicators of pain in ferrets. To evaluate whether these AUs could reliably be used to identify photographs taken before and after surgery, the photographs were scored 0, 1 or 2 (not, moderately or obviously present) by 11 observers that were blinded to the treatment and timing of the photographs. All AU-scores assigned to the photographs taken five hours after surgery were significantly higher compared to their time-matched baseline scores. Further analysis using the weights that were obtained using a Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that scoring orbital tightening alone was sufficient to make this distinction with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Including weighted scores for nose bulging, cheek bulging and ear change did not change this. As these AUs had more missing values than orbital tightening, their descriptions should be re-evaluated. Including whisker retraction, which had a negative weight, resulted in lower accuracy and should therefore in its current form be left out of the FGS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the FGS and the AU orbital tightening in particular could be useful in a multifactorial pain assessment protocol for ferrets. However, before applying the FGS in practice, it should be further validated by incorporating more time points before and after applying (different) painful stimuli, and different levels of analgesia. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0187986 |
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Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace Scale (FGS), we studied the facial musculature of ferrets and compared lateral photographs of 19 ferret faces at six time points before and after intraperitoneal telemetry probe implantation. We identified the Action Units (AUs) orbital tightening, nose bulging, cheek bulging, ear changes and whisker retraction as potential indicators of pain in ferrets. To evaluate whether these AUs could reliably be used to identify photographs taken before and after surgery, the photographs were scored 0, 1 or 2 (not, moderately or obviously present) by 11 observers that were blinded to the treatment and timing of the photographs. All AU-scores assigned to the photographs taken five hours after surgery were significantly higher compared to their time-matched baseline scores. Further analysis using the weights that were obtained using a Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that scoring orbital tightening alone was sufficient to make this distinction with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Including weighted scores for nose bulging, cheek bulging and ear change did not change this. As these AUs had more missing values than orbital tightening, their descriptions should be re-evaluated. Including whisker retraction, which had a negative weight, resulted in lower accuracy and should therefore in its current form be left out of the FGS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the FGS and the AU orbital tightening in particular could be useful in a multifactorial pain assessment protocol for ferrets. However, before applying the FGS in practice, it should be further validated by incorporating more time points before and after applying (different) painful stimuli, and different levels of analgesia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187986</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29131858</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analgesia ; Animal species ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Discriminant analysis ; Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles - physiopathology ; Female ; Ferrets ; Implantation ; Influenza ; Laboratory animals ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methods ; Mustela lutreola ; Mustela putorius furo ; Observer Variation ; Pain ; Pain measurement ; Pain Measurement - methods ; Pain perception ; Sleep ; Society ; Surgery ; Surgical implants ; Surgical Procedures, Operative - adverse effects ; Telemetry ; Telemetry - instrumentation ; Tightening ; Veterinary medicine ; Vibrissae</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-11, Vol.12 (11), p.e0187986-e0187986</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Reijgwart et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Reijgwart et al 2017 Reijgwart et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-941bf2e315a9a8d00a814655f67e3fa0517561fd69fd890a1d4eb79f57808c553</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-941bf2e315a9a8d00a814655f67e3fa0517561fd69fd890a1d4eb79f57808c553</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7859-879X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683639/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683639/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29131858$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Staffieri, Francesco</contributor><creatorcontrib>Reijgwart, Marsinah L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoemaker, Nico J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pascuzzo, Riccardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leach, Matthew C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stodel, Melanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Nies, Loes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hendriksen, Coenraad F M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van der Meer, Miriam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vinke, Claudia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Zeeland, Yvonne R A</creatorcontrib><title>The composition and initial evaluation of a grimace scale in ferrets after surgical implantation of a telemetry probe</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Reliable recognition of pain is difficult in ferrets as many currently available parameters are non-specific, inconsistent and/or impractical. Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace Scale (FGS), we studied the facial musculature of ferrets and compared lateral photographs of 19 ferret faces at six time points before and after intraperitoneal telemetry probe implantation. We identified the Action Units (AUs) orbital tightening, nose bulging, cheek bulging, ear changes and whisker retraction as potential indicators of pain in ferrets. To evaluate whether these AUs could reliably be used to identify photographs taken before and after surgery, the photographs were scored 0, 1 or 2 (not, moderately or obviously present) by 11 observers that were blinded to the treatment and timing of the photographs. All AU-scores assigned to the photographs taken five hours after surgery were significantly higher compared to their time-matched baseline scores. Further analysis using the weights that were obtained using a Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that scoring orbital tightening alone was sufficient to make this distinction with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Including weighted scores for nose bulging, cheek bulging and ear change did not change this. As these AUs had more missing values than orbital tightening, their descriptions should be re-evaluated. Including whisker retraction, which had a negative weight, resulted in lower accuracy and should therefore in its current form be left out of the FGS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the FGS and the AU orbital tightening in particular could be useful in a multifactorial pain assessment protocol for ferrets. However, before applying the FGS in practice, it should be further validated by incorporating more time points before and after applying (different) painful stimuli, and different levels of analgesia.</description><subject>Analgesia</subject><subject>Animal species</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Discriminant analysis</subject><subject>Facial Expression</subject><subject>Facial Muscles - physiopathology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Ferrets</subject><subject>Implantation</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Laboratory animals</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Mustela lutreola</subject><subject>Mustela putorius furo</subject><subject>Observer Variation</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Pain measurement</subject><subject>Pain Measurement - methods</subject><subject>Pain perception</subject><subject>Sleep</subject><subject>Society</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Surgical implants</subject><subject>Surgical Procedures, Operative - 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Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace Scale (FGS), we studied the facial musculature of ferrets and compared lateral photographs of 19 ferret faces at six time points before and after intraperitoneal telemetry probe implantation. We identified the Action Units (AUs) orbital tightening, nose bulging, cheek bulging, ear changes and whisker retraction as potential indicators of pain in ferrets. To evaluate whether these AUs could reliably be used to identify photographs taken before and after surgery, the photographs were scored 0, 1 or 2 (not, moderately or obviously present) by 11 observers that were blinded to the treatment and timing of the photographs. All AU-scores assigned to the photographs taken five hours after surgery were significantly higher compared to their time-matched baseline scores. Further analysis using the weights that were obtained using a Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that scoring orbital tightening alone was sufficient to make this distinction with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Including weighted scores for nose bulging, cheek bulging and ear change did not change this. As these AUs had more missing values than orbital tightening, their descriptions should be re-evaluated. Including whisker retraction, which had a negative weight, resulted in lower accuracy and should therefore in its current form be left out of the FGS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the FGS and the AU orbital tightening in particular could be useful in a multifactorial pain assessment protocol for ferrets. However, before applying the FGS in practice, it should be further validated by incorporating more time points before and after applying (different) painful stimuli, and different levels of analgesia.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29131858</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0187986</doi><tpages>e0187986</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-879X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Analgesia Animal species Animals Biology and Life Sciences Discriminant analysis Facial Expression Facial Muscles - physiopathology Female Ferrets Implantation Influenza Laboratory animals Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Mustela lutreola Mustela putorius furo Observer Variation Pain Pain measurement Pain Measurement - methods Pain perception Sleep Society Surgery Surgical implants Surgical Procedures, Operative - adverse effects Telemetry Telemetry - instrumentation Tightening Veterinary medicine Vibrissae |
| title | The composition and initial evaluation of a grimace scale in ferrets after surgical implantation of a telemetry probe |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-29T22%3A31%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20composition%20and%20initial%20evaluation%20of%20a%20grimace%20scale%20in%20ferrets%20after%20surgical%20implantation%20of%20a%20telemetry%20probe&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Reijgwart,%20Marsinah%20L&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=e0187986&rft.epage=e0187986&rft.pages=e0187986-e0187986&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187986&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA514360091%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1963428789&rft_id=info:pmid/29131858&rft_galeid=A514360091&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_ad442b088488465a8d254a16acee7cf1&rfr_iscdi=true |