Validation of a theoretically motivated approach to measuring childhood socioeconomic circumstances in the Health and Retirement Study
Childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) is a powerful predictor of adult health, but its operationalization and measurement varies across studies. Using Health and Retirement Study data (HRS, which is nationally representative of community-residing United States adults aged 50+ years), we specified th...
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| description | Childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) is a powerful predictor of adult health, but its operationalization and measurement varies across studies. Using Health and Retirement Study data (HRS, which is nationally representative of community-residing United States adults aged 50+ years), we specified theoretically-motivated cSES measures, evaluated their reliability and validity, and compared their performance to other cSES indices. HRS respondent data (N = 31,169, interviewed 1992-2010) were used to construct a cSES index reflecting childhood social capital (cSC), childhood financial capital (cFC), and childhood human capital (cHC), using retrospective reports from when the respondent was |
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Using Health and Retirement Study data (HRS, which is nationally representative of community-residing United States adults aged 50+ years), we specified theoretically-motivated cSES measures, evaluated their reliability and validity, and compared their performance to other cSES indices. HRS respondent data (N = 31,169, interviewed 1992-2010) were used to construct a cSES index reflecting childhood social capital (cSC), childhood financial capital (cFC), and childhood human capital (cHC), using retrospective reports from when the respondent was <16 years (at least 34 years prior). We assessed internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for the scales (cSC and cFC), and construct validity, and predictive validity for all measures. Validity was assessed with hypothesized correlates of cSES (educational attainment, measured adult height, self-reported childhood health, childhood learning problems, childhood drug and alcohol problems). We then compared the performance of our validated measures with other indices used in HRS in predicting self-rated health and number of depressive symptoms, measured in 2010. Internal consistency reliability was acceptable (cSC = 0.63, cFC = 0.61). Most measures were associated with hypothesized correlates (for example, the association between educational attainment and cSC was 0.01, p < 0.0001), with the exception that measured height was not associated with cFC (p = 0.19) and childhood drug and alcohol problems (p = 0.41), and childhood learning problems (p = 0.12) were not associated with cHC. Our measures explained slightly more variability in self-rated health (adjusted R2 = 0.07 vs. <0.06) and number of depressive symptoms (adjusted R2 > 0.05 vs. < 0.04) than alternative indices. Our cSES measures use latent variable models to handle item-missingness, thereby increasing the sample size available for analysis compared to complete case approaches (N = 15,345 vs. 8,248). Adopting this type of theoretically motivated operationalization of cSES may strengthen the quality of research on the effects of cSES on health outcomes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185898</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29028834</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Adults ; Alcohol ; Alcohol abuse ; Alcohols ; Alternative approaches ; Behavioral sciences ; Bias ; Body height ; Child ; Childhood ; Children ; Consistency ; Correlation analysis ; Drug abuse ; Drugs ; Economic aspects ; Education ; Educational attainment ; Epidemiology ; Health ; Human capital ; Humans ; Independent Living - statistics & numerical data ; Indexes ; Internet ; Measures ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental depression ; Middle Aged ; Operational definitions ; People and Places ; Physical Sciences ; Psychometrics - methods ; Public health ; Recall ; Reliability analysis ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Retirement ; Retirement - statistics & numerical data ; Social aspects ; Social capital ; Social Class ; Social classes ; Social Sciences ; Socioeconomic factors ; Socioeconomic status ; Socioeconomics ; Studies ; Substance abuse ; Symptoms ; Validity</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-10, Vol.12 (10), p.e0185898-e0185898</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Vable et al. 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Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Vable et al 2017 Vable et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e4c9c1064ec3d159105f2c5cd48d0ba13b41dd04c990100ff86ff871e3acdf093</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e4c9c1064ec3d159105f2c5cd48d0ba13b41dd04c990100ff86ff871e3acdf093</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2202-0294</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5640422/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5640422/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27321,27901,27902,33751,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29028834$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Vable, Anusha M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gilsanz, Paola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Thu T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawachi, Ichiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Glymour, M Maria</creatorcontrib><title>Validation of a theoretically motivated approach to measuring childhood socioeconomic circumstances in the Health and Retirement Study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) is a powerful predictor of adult health, but its operationalization and measurement varies across studies. Using Health and Retirement Study data (HRS, which is nationally representative of community-residing United States adults aged 50+ years), we specified theoretically-motivated cSES measures, evaluated their reliability and validity, and compared their performance to other cSES indices. HRS respondent data (N = 31,169, interviewed 1992-2010) were used to construct a cSES index reflecting childhood social capital (cSC), childhood financial capital (cFC), and childhood human capital (cHC), using retrospective reports from when the respondent was <16 years (at least 34 years prior). We assessed internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for the scales (cSC and cFC), and construct validity, and predictive validity for all measures. Validity was assessed with hypothesized correlates of cSES (educational attainment, measured adult height, self-reported childhood health, childhood learning problems, childhood drug and alcohol problems). We then compared the performance of our validated measures with other indices used in HRS in predicting self-rated health and number of depressive symptoms, measured in 2010. Internal consistency reliability was acceptable (cSC = 0.63, cFC = 0.61). Most measures were associated with hypothesized correlates (for example, the association between educational attainment and cSC was 0.01, p < 0.0001), with the exception that measured height was not associated with cFC (p = 0.19) and childhood drug and alcohol problems (p = 0.41), and childhood learning problems (p = 0.12) were not associated with cHC. Our measures explained slightly more variability in self-rated health (adjusted R2 = 0.07 vs. <0.06) and number of depressive symptoms (adjusted R2 > 0.05 vs. < 0.04) than alternative indices. Our cSES measures use latent variable models to handle item-missingness, thereby increasing the sample size available for analysis compared to complete case approaches (N = 15,345 vs. 8,248). Adopting this type of theoretically motivated operationalization of cSES may strengthen the quality of research on the effects of cSES on health outcomes.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Alcohol abuse</subject><subject>Alcohols</subject><subject>Alternative approaches</subject><subject>Behavioral sciences</subject><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Body height</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Childhood</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Consistency</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Human capital</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Independent Living - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Indexes</subject><subject>Internet</subject><subject>Measures</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Operational definitions</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Psychometrics - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vable, Anusha M</au><au>Gilsanz, Paola</au><au>Nguyen, Thu T</au><au>Kawachi, Ichiro</au><au>Glymour, M Maria</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Validation of a theoretically motivated approach to measuring childhood socioeconomic circumstances in the Health and Retirement Study</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-10-13</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0185898</spage><epage>e0185898</epage><pages>e0185898-e0185898</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) is a powerful predictor of adult health, but its operationalization and measurement varies across studies. Using Health and Retirement Study data (HRS, which is nationally representative of community-residing United States adults aged 50+ years), we specified theoretically-motivated cSES measures, evaluated their reliability and validity, and compared their performance to other cSES indices. HRS respondent data (N = 31,169, interviewed 1992-2010) were used to construct a cSES index reflecting childhood social capital (cSC), childhood financial capital (cFC), and childhood human capital (cHC), using retrospective reports from when the respondent was <16 years (at least 34 years prior). We assessed internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for the scales (cSC and cFC), and construct validity, and predictive validity for all measures. Validity was assessed with hypothesized correlates of cSES (educational attainment, measured adult height, self-reported childhood health, childhood learning problems, childhood drug and alcohol problems). We then compared the performance of our validated measures with other indices used in HRS in predicting self-rated health and number of depressive symptoms, measured in 2010. Internal consistency reliability was acceptable (cSC = 0.63, cFC = 0.61). Most measures were associated with hypothesized correlates (for example, the association between educational attainment and cSC was 0.01, p < 0.0001), with the exception that measured height was not associated with cFC (p = 0.19) and childhood drug and alcohol problems (p = 0.41), and childhood learning problems (p = 0.12) were not associated with cHC. Our measures explained slightly more variability in self-rated health (adjusted R2 = 0.07 vs. <0.06) and number of depressive symptoms (adjusted R2 > 0.05 vs. < 0.04) than alternative indices. Our cSES measures use latent variable models to handle item-missingness, thereby increasing the sample size available for analysis compared to complete case approaches (N = 15,345 vs. 8,248). Adopting this type of theoretically motivated operationalization of cSES may strengthen the quality of research on the effects of cSES on health outcomes.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29028834</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0185898</doi><tpages>e0185898</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-0294</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Adults Alcohol Alcohol abuse Alcohols Alternative approaches Behavioral sciences Bias Body height Child Childhood Children Consistency Correlation analysis Drug abuse Drugs Economic aspects Education Educational attainment Epidemiology Health Human capital Humans Independent Living - statistics & numerical data Indexes Internet Measures Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Mental depression Middle Aged Operational definitions People and Places Physical Sciences Psychometrics - methods Public health Recall Reliability analysis Research and Analysis Methods Retirement Retirement - statistics & numerical data Social aspects Social capital Social Class Social classes Social Sciences Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomic status Socioeconomics Studies Substance abuse Symptoms Validity |
| title | Validation of a theoretically motivated approach to measuring childhood socioeconomic circumstances in the Health and Retirement Study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-03T03%3A24%3A37IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Validation%20of%20a%20theoretically%20motivated%20approach%20to%20measuring%20childhood%20socioeconomic%20circumstances%20in%20the%20Health%20and%20Retirement%20Study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Vable,%20Anusha%20M&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=e0185898&rft.epage=e0185898&rft.pages=e0185898-e0185898&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185898&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA509411952%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1950622513&rft_id=info:pmid/29028834&rft_galeid=A509411952&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_69a8fb93d6444edbbdbf96161fae6150&rfr_iscdi=true |