Properties of the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia and the involvement of cytoskeletal components
During neuronal differentiation, lamellipodia and filopodia explore the environment in search for the correct path to the axon's final destination. Although the motion of lamellipodia and filopodia has been characterized to an extent, little is known about the force they exert. In this study, w...
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| creator | Cojoc, Dan Difato, Francesco Ferrari, Enrico Shahapure, Rajesh B Laishram, Jummi Righi, Massimo Di Fabrizio, Enzo M Torre, Vincent |
| description | During neuronal differentiation, lamellipodia and filopodia explore the environment in search for the correct path to the axon's final destination. Although the motion of lamellipodia and filopodia has been characterized to an extent, little is known about the force they exert. In this study, we used optical tweezers to measure the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia with a millisecond temporal resolution. We found that a single filopodium exerts a force not exceeding 3 pN, whereas lamellipodia can exert a force up to 20 pN. Using metabolic inhibitors, we showed that no force is produced in the absence of actin polymerization and that development of forces larger than 3 pN requires microtubule polymerization. These results show that actin polymerization is necessary for force production and demonstrate that not only do neurons process information, but they also act on their environment exerting forces varying from tenths pN to tens of pN. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0001072 |
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Although the motion of lamellipodia and filopodia has been characterized to an extent, little is known about the force they exert. In this study, we used optical tweezers to measure the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia with a millisecond temporal resolution. We found that a single filopodium exerts a force not exceeding 3 pN, whereas lamellipodia can exert a force up to 20 pN. Using metabolic inhibitors, we showed that no force is produced in the absence of actin polymerization and that development of forces larger than 3 pN requires microtubule polymerization. These results show that actin polymerization is necessary for force production and demonstrate that not only do neurons process information, but they also act on their environment exerting forces varying from tenths pN to tens of pN.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001072</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17957254</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Actin ; Actins - metabolism ; Animals ; Axons - metabolism ; Biophysics ; Biophysics/Experimental Biophysical Methods ; Cell adhesion & migration ; Cell Biology/Cytoskeleton ; Cell Movement ; Cytoskeletal Proteins - metabolism ; Cytoskeleton ; Cytoskeleton - metabolism ; Developmental Biology/Neurodevelopment ; Extracellular Matrix - metabolism ; Filopodia ; Growth Cones - metabolism ; Information processing ; Lamellipodia ; Ligands ; Mechanical properties ; Microscopy ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Motility ; Neurons - metabolism ; Neuroscience ; Neuroscience/Neurodevelopment ; Optical Tweezers ; Polymerization ; Pseudopodia - metabolism ; Rats ; Studies ; Temporal resolution</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2007-10, Vol.2 (10), p.e1072-e1072</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2007 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2007 Cojoc et al. 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Although the motion of lamellipodia and filopodia has been characterized to an extent, little is known about the force they exert. In this study, we used optical tweezers to measure the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia with a millisecond temporal resolution. We found that a single filopodium exerts a force not exceeding 3 pN, whereas lamellipodia can exert a force up to 20 pN. Using metabolic inhibitors, we showed that no force is produced in the absence of actin polymerization and that development of forces larger than 3 pN requires microtubule polymerization. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cojoc, Dan</au><au>Difato, Francesco</au><au>Ferrari, Enrico</au><au>Shahapure, Rajesh B</au><au>Laishram, Jummi</au><au>Righi, Massimo</au><au>Di Fabrizio, Enzo M</au><au>Torre, Vincent</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Properties of the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia and the involvement of cytoskeletal components</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2007-10-24</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e1072</spage><epage>e1072</epage><pages>e1072-e1072</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>During neuronal differentiation, lamellipodia and filopodia explore the environment in search for the correct path to the axon's final destination. Although the motion of lamellipodia and filopodia has been characterized to an extent, little is known about the force they exert. In this study, we used optical tweezers to measure the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia with a millisecond temporal resolution. We found that a single filopodium exerts a force not exceeding 3 pN, whereas lamellipodia can exert a force up to 20 pN. Using metabolic inhibitors, we showed that no force is produced in the absence of actin polymerization and that development of forces larger than 3 pN requires microtubule polymerization. These results show that actin polymerization is necessary for force production and demonstrate that not only do neurons process information, but they also act on their environment exerting forces varying from tenths pN to tens of pN.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>17957254</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0001072</doi><tpages>e1072</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Actin Actins - metabolism Animals Axons - metabolism Biophysics Biophysics/Experimental Biophysical Methods Cell adhesion & migration Cell Biology/Cytoskeleton Cell Movement Cytoskeletal Proteins - metabolism Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton - metabolism Developmental Biology/Neurodevelopment Extracellular Matrix - metabolism Filopodia Growth Cones - metabolism Information processing Lamellipodia Ligands Mechanical properties Microscopy Models, Biological Models, Statistical Motility Neurons - metabolism Neuroscience Neuroscience/Neurodevelopment Optical Tweezers Polymerization Pseudopodia - metabolism Rats Studies Temporal resolution |
| title | Properties of the force exerted by filopodia and lamellipodia and the involvement of cytoskeletal components |
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