Hazardous air pollutants and primary liver cancer in Texas
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is increasing in the US and tripled during the past two decades. The reasons for such phenomenon remain poorly understood. Texas is among continental states with the highest incidence of liver cancer with an annua...
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| description | The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is increasing in the US and tripled during the past two decades. The reasons for such phenomenon remain poorly understood. Texas is among continental states with the highest incidence of liver cancer with an annual increment of 5.7%. Established risk factors for HCC include Hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) viral infection, alcohol, tobacco and suspected risk factors include obesity and diabetes. While distribution of these risk factors in the state of Texas is similar to the national data and homogeneous, the incidence of HCC in this state is exceptionally higher than the national average and appears to be dishomogeneous in various areas of the state suggesting that other non-recognized risk factors might play a role. No population-based studies are currently available investigating the effect of exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) as a contributing risk factor for liver cancer. Incidence rate of liver cancer in Texas by counties for the time period between 2002 and 2012 was obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR). Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) a subgroup of pollutants, explaining almost all the dataset variability, were identified and used to cluster Texas counties. The analysis generated 4 clusters showing liver cancer rate either higher or lower than national average in association with either high or low levels of HAPs emission in the environment. The study shows that the selected relevant HAPs, 10 among 253 analyzed, produce a significant correlation (P = 0.01-0.05) and some of these have been previously identified as carcinogens. An association between the increased production and consequent exposure to these HAPs and a higher presence of liver cancer in certain counties is suggested. This study provides a new insight on this complex multifactorial disease suggesting that environmental substances might play a role in the etiology of this cancer. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0185610 |
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The reasons for such phenomenon remain poorly understood. Texas is among continental states with the highest incidence of liver cancer with an annual increment of 5.7%. Established risk factors for HCC include Hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) viral infection, alcohol, tobacco and suspected risk factors include obesity and diabetes. While distribution of these risk factors in the state of Texas is similar to the national data and homogeneous, the incidence of HCC in this state is exceptionally higher than the national average and appears to be dishomogeneous in various areas of the state suggesting that other non-recognized risk factors might play a role. No population-based studies are currently available investigating the effect of exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) as a contributing risk factor for liver cancer. Incidence rate of liver cancer in Texas by counties for the time period between 2002 and 2012 was obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR). Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) a subgroup of pollutants, explaining almost all the dataset variability, were identified and used to cluster Texas counties. The analysis generated 4 clusters showing liver cancer rate either higher or lower than national average in association with either high or low levels of HAPs emission in the environment. The study shows that the selected relevant HAPs, 10 among 253 analyzed, produce a significant correlation (P = 0.01-0.05) and some of these have been previously identified as carcinogens. An association between the increased production and consequent exposure to these HAPs and a higher presence of liver cancer in certain counties is suggested. This study provides a new insight on this complex multifactorial disease suggesting that environmental substances might play a role in the etiology of this cancer.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185610</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29016628</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - adverse effects ; Air pollution ; Alcohol ; Alcoholic beverages ; Analysis ; Cancer ; Carcinogens ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - epidemiology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - etiology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology ; Cluster analysis ; Correlation analysis ; Development and progression ; Diabetes mellitus ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Emission analysis ; Engineering and Technology ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental Exposure - adverse effects ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental protection ; Etiology ; Exposure ; Hazardous air pollutants ; Hazardous materials ; Hazardous substances ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information systems ; Liver ; Liver cancer ; Liver Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Liver Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Liver Neoplasms - etiology ; Liver Neoplasms - pathology ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mortality ; Organic Chemicals - adverse effects ; People and places ; Per capita ; Physical Sciences ; Pollutants ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Population ; Population studies ; Principal Component Analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Public health ; R&D ; Research & development ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Studies ; Surgery ; Texas - epidemiology ; Tobacco</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-10, Vol.12 (10), p.e0185610</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Cicalese et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The reasons for such phenomenon remain poorly understood. Texas is among continental states with the highest incidence of liver cancer with an annual increment of 5.7%. Established risk factors for HCC include Hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) viral infection, alcohol, tobacco and suspected risk factors include obesity and diabetes. While distribution of these risk factors in the state of Texas is similar to the national data and homogeneous, the incidence of HCC in this state is exceptionally higher than the national average and appears to be dishomogeneous in various areas of the state suggesting that other non-recognized risk factors might play a role. No population-based studies are currently available investigating the effect of exposure to Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) as a contributing risk factor for liver cancer. Incidence rate of liver cancer in Texas by counties for the time period between 2002 and 2012 was obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR). Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) a subgroup of pollutants, explaining almost all the dataset variability, were identified and used to cluster Texas counties. The analysis generated 4 clusters showing liver cancer rate either higher or lower than national average in association with either high or low levels of HAPs emission in the environment. The study shows that the selected relevant HAPs, 10 among 253 analyzed, produce a significant correlation (P = 0.01-0.05) and some of these have been previously identified as carcinogens. An association between the increased production and consequent exposure to these HAPs and a higher presence of liver cancer in certain counties is suggested. This study provides a new insight on this complex multifactorial disease suggesting that environmental substances might play a role in the etiology of this cancer.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>29016628</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0185610</doi><tpages>e0185610</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-1433</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2017-10, Vol.12 (10), p.e0185610 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Air Pollutants - adverse effects Air pollution Alcohol Alcoholic beverages Analysis Cancer Carcinogens Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - diagnosis Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - epidemiology Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - etiology Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology Cluster analysis Correlation analysis Development and progression Diabetes mellitus Ecology and Environmental Sciences Emission analysis Engineering and Technology Environmental aspects Environmental Exposure - adverse effects Environmental Monitoring Environmental protection Etiology Exposure Hazardous air pollutants Hazardous materials Hazardous substances Health aspects Health risks Hepatitis Hepatitis B Hepatocellular carcinoma Humans Incidence Information systems Liver Liver cancer Liver Neoplasms - diagnosis Liver Neoplasms - epidemiology Liver Neoplasms - etiology Liver Neoplasms - pathology Medicine and Health Sciences Mortality Organic Chemicals - adverse effects People and places Per capita Physical Sciences Pollutants Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Population Population studies Principal Component Analysis Principal components analysis Public health R&D Research & development Risk analysis Risk Factors Studies Surgery Texas - epidemiology Tobacco |
| title | Hazardous air pollutants and primary liver cancer in Texas |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T10%3A02%3A13IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hazardous%20air%20pollutants%20and%20primary%20liver%20cancer%20in%20Texas&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Cicalese,%20Luca&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=e0185610&rft.pages=e0185610-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185610&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA508945251%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1949589920&rft_id=info:pmid/29016628&rft_galeid=A508945251&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_c4395a845ab14440b76e0eca50ce6980&rfr_iscdi=true |