Simulated space radiation sensitizes bone but not muscle to the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading
Deep space travel exposes astronauts to extended periods of space radiation and mechanical unloading, both of which may induce significant muscle and bone loss. Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiatio...
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description | Deep space travel exposes astronauts to extended periods of space radiation and mechanical unloading, both of which may induce significant muscle and bone loss. Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). To explore interactions between skeletal muscle and bone under these conditions, we hypothesized that decreased mechanical load, as in the microgravity of space, would lead to increased susceptibility to space radiation-induced bone and muscle loss. We evaluated changes in bone and muscle of mice exposed to hind limb suspension (HLS) unloading alone or in addition to proton and high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) (16O) radiation. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups: No radiation ± HLS, 50 cGy proton radiation ± HLS, and 50 cGy proton radiation + 10 cGy 16O radiation ± HLS. Radiation alone did not induce bone or muscle loss, whereas HLS alone resulted in both bone and muscle loss. Absolute trabecular and cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was decreased 24% and 6% in HLS-no radiation vs the normally loaded no-radiation group. Trabecular thickness and mineral density also decreased with HLS. For some outcomes, such as BV/TV, trabecular number and tissue mineral density, additional bone loss was observed in the HLS+proton+HZE radiation group compared to HLS alone. In contrast, whereas HLS alone decreased muscle mass (19% gastrocnemius, 35% quadriceps), protein synthesis, and increased proteasome activity, radiation did not exacerbate these catabolic outcomes. Our results suggest that combining simulated space radiation with HLS results in additional bone loss that may not be experienced by muscle. |
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Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). To explore interactions between skeletal muscle and bone under these conditions, we hypothesized that decreased mechanical load, as in the microgravity of space, would lead to increased susceptibility to space radiation-induced bone and muscle loss. We evaluated changes in bone and muscle of mice exposed to hind limb suspension (HLS) unloading alone or in addition to proton and high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) (16O) radiation. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups: No radiation ± HLS, 50 cGy proton radiation ± HLS, and 50 cGy proton radiation + 10 cGy 16O radiation ± HLS. Radiation alone did not induce bone or muscle loss, whereas HLS alone resulted in both bone and muscle loss. Absolute trabecular and cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was decreased 24% and 6% in HLS-no radiation vs the normally loaded no-radiation group. Trabecular thickness and mineral density also decreased with HLS. For some outcomes, such as BV/TV, trabecular number and tissue mineral density, additional bone loss was observed in the HLS+proton+HZE radiation group compared to HLS alone. In contrast, whereas HLS alone decreased muscle mass (19% gastrocnemius, 35% quadriceps), protein synthesis, and increased proteasome activity, radiation did not exacerbate these catabolic outcomes. Our results suggest that combining simulated space radiation with HLS results in additional bone loss that may not be experienced by muscle.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182403</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28767703</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animals ; Astronauts ; Atomic properties ; Background radiation ; Biochemistry ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomedical engineering ; Bone density ; Bone loss ; Bone mineral density ; Cancellous bone ; Cancellous Bone - diagnostic imaging ; Cancellous Bone - radiation effects ; Concentration (composition) ; Cortical bone ; Cortical Bone - diagnostic imaging ; Cortical Bone - radiation effects ; Cosmic Radiation ; Cosmic rays ; Deep space ; Drug dosages ; Engineering schools ; Exposure ; Extraterrestrial radiation ; Health aspects ; Hindlimb Suspension - methods ; Laboratories ; Male ; Mechanical properties ; Mechanical unloading ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Microgravity ; Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging ; Muscle, Skeletal - radiation effects ; Musculoskeletal system ; Nuclear electric power generation ; Physical Sciences ; Physiology ; Proteasomes ; Protein biosynthesis ; Protein synthesis ; Proteins ; Quadriceps muscle ; Radiation ; Radiation effects ; Random Allocation ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Rodents ; Skeletal muscle ; Solar Activity ; Solar particle events ; Solar storms ; Space exploration ; Space flight ; Space Simulation ; Studies ; Unloading ; X-Ray Microtomography</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-08, Vol.12 (8), p.e0182403-e0182403</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Krause et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Krause et al 2017 Krause et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-8641751ee1f96c81903bdb89ca822bf5fadfd2ba29d46c6a2f6afda0e24d6eb33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-8641751ee1f96c81903bdb89ca822bf5fadfd2ba29d46c6a2f6afda0e24d6eb33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9238-4157</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5540592/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5540592/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28767703$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Reddy, Sakamuri V.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Krause, Andrew R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Speacht, Toni L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lang, Charles H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donahue, Henry J</creatorcontrib><title>Simulated space radiation sensitizes bone but not muscle to the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Deep space travel exposes astronauts to extended periods of space radiation and mechanical unloading, both of which may induce significant muscle and bone loss. Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). To explore interactions between skeletal muscle and bone under these conditions, we hypothesized that decreased mechanical load, as in the microgravity of space, would lead to increased susceptibility to space radiation-induced bone and muscle loss. We evaluated changes in bone and muscle of mice exposed to hind limb suspension (HLS) unloading alone or in addition to proton and high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) (16O) radiation. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups: No radiation ± HLS, 50 cGy proton radiation ± HLS, and 50 cGy proton radiation + 10 cGy 16O radiation ± HLS. Radiation alone did not induce bone or muscle loss, whereas HLS alone resulted in both bone and muscle loss. Absolute trabecular and cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was decreased 24% and 6% in HLS-no radiation vs the normally loaded no-radiation group. Trabecular thickness and mineral density also decreased with HLS. For some outcomes, such as BV/TV, trabecular number and tissue mineral density, additional bone loss was observed in the HLS+proton+HZE radiation group compared to HLS alone. In contrast, whereas HLS alone decreased muscle mass (19% gastrocnemius, 35% quadriceps), protein synthesis, and increased proteasome activity, radiation did not exacerbate these catabolic outcomes. Our results suggest that combining simulated space radiation with HLS results in additional bone loss that may not be experienced by muscle.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Astronauts</subject><subject>Atomic properties</subject><subject>Background radiation</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedical engineering</subject><subject>Bone density</subject><subject>Bone loss</subject><subject>Bone mineral density</subject><subject>Cancellous bone</subject><subject>Cancellous Bone - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Cancellous Bone - radiation effects</subject><subject>Concentration (composition)</subject><subject>Cortical bone</subject><subject>Cortical Bone - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Cortical Bone - radiation effects</subject><subject>Cosmic Radiation</subject><subject>Cosmic rays</subject><subject>Deep space</subject><subject>Drug dosages</subject><subject>Engineering schools</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Extraterrestrial radiation</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hindlimb Suspension - methods</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Mechanical unloading</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Microgravity</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - radiation effects</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Nuclear electric power generation</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Proteasomes</subject><subject>Protein biosynthesis</subject><subject>Protein synthesis</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Quadriceps muscle</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Radiation effects</subject><subject>Random Allocation</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Skeletal muscle</subject><subject>Solar Activity</subject><subject>Solar particle events</subject><subject>Solar storms</subject><subject>Space exploration</subject><subject>Space flight</subject><subject>Space Simulation</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Unloading</subject><subject>X-Ray 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space radiation sensitizes bone but not muscle to the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading</title><author>Krause, Andrew R ; Speacht, Toni L ; Zhang, Yue ; Lang, Charles H ; Donahue, Henry J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-8641751ee1f96c81903bdb89ca822bf5fadfd2ba29d46c6a2f6afda0e24d6eb33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Astronauts</topic><topic>Atomic properties</topic><topic>Background radiation</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedical engineering</topic><topic>Bone density</topic><topic>Bone loss</topic><topic>Bone mineral density</topic><topic>Cancellous bone</topic><topic>Cancellous Bone - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Cancellous Bone - radiation effects</topic><topic>Concentration (composition)</topic><topic>Cortical 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one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-08-02</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e0182403</spage><epage>e0182403</epage><pages>e0182403-e0182403</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Deep space travel exposes astronauts to extended periods of space radiation and mechanical unloading, both of which may induce significant muscle and bone loss. Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). To explore interactions between skeletal muscle and bone under these conditions, we hypothesized that decreased mechanical load, as in the microgravity of space, would lead to increased susceptibility to space radiation-induced bone and muscle loss. We evaluated changes in bone and muscle of mice exposed to hind limb suspension (HLS) unloading alone or in addition to proton and high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) (16O) radiation. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups: No radiation ± HLS, 50 cGy proton radiation ± HLS, and 50 cGy proton radiation + 10 cGy 16O radiation ± HLS. Radiation alone did not induce bone or muscle loss, whereas HLS alone resulted in both bone and muscle loss. Absolute trabecular and cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was decreased 24% and 6% in HLS-no radiation vs the normally loaded no-radiation group. Trabecular thickness and mineral density also decreased with HLS. For some outcomes, such as BV/TV, trabecular number and tissue mineral density, additional bone loss was observed in the HLS+proton+HZE radiation group compared to HLS alone. In contrast, whereas HLS alone decreased muscle mass (19% gastrocnemius, 35% quadriceps), protein synthesis, and increased proteasome activity, radiation did not exacerbate these catabolic outcomes. Our results suggest that combining simulated space radiation with HLS results in additional bone loss that may not be experienced by muscle.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28767703</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0182403</doi><tpages>e0182403</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-4157</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Analysis Animals Astronauts Atomic properties Background radiation Biochemistry Biology and Life Sciences Biomedical engineering Bone density Bone loss Bone mineral density Cancellous bone Cancellous Bone - diagnostic imaging Cancellous Bone - radiation effects Concentration (composition) Cortical bone Cortical Bone - diagnostic imaging Cortical Bone - radiation effects Cosmic Radiation Cosmic rays Deep space Drug dosages Engineering schools Exposure Extraterrestrial radiation Health aspects Hindlimb Suspension - methods Laboratories Male Mechanical properties Mechanical unloading Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolism Mice Microgravity Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging Muscle, Skeletal - radiation effects Musculoskeletal system Nuclear electric power generation Physical Sciences Physiology Proteasomes Protein biosynthesis Protein synthesis Proteins Quadriceps muscle Radiation Radiation effects Random Allocation Research and Analysis Methods Rodents Skeletal muscle Solar Activity Solar particle events Solar storms Space exploration Space flight Space Simulation Studies Unloading X-Ray Microtomography |
title | Simulated space radiation sensitizes bone but not muscle to the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading |
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