Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections
In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experime...
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| description | In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556 |
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We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28505157</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Activation ; Analogs ; Animals ; Apicomplexa ; Benzamides - pharmacology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biosynthesis ; Cells ; Compartments ; Cultures ; Drugs ; Engineering and Technology ; Infections ; Inhibition ; Inhibitors ; Interleukin 6 ; Interleukin-6 - metabolism ; Leishmania - classification ; Leishmania - drug effects ; Leishmaniasis ; Leishmaniasis - drug therapy ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages ; Macrophages - parasitology ; Mammalian cells ; Mammals ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mice ; Parasites ; Parasitic diseases ; Proteins ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Research and analysis methods ; Shiga toxin ; Studies ; Thiophenes - pharmacology ; Toxins ; Tropical diseases ; Vacuoles ; Vacuoles - parasitology</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017-05, Vol.11 (5), p.e0005556</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(5): e0005556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556</rights><rights>2017 Craig et al 2017 Craig et al</rights><rights>2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(5): e0005556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-c3366e9f6f14f0ae8232e3da5d3162bc99a3d28c50277258531b92be54749ad63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-c3366e9f6f14f0ae8232e3da5d3162bc99a3d28c50277258531b92be54749ad63</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0390-0509</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444862/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444862/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505157$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Craig, Evan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huyghues-Despointes, Charles-Eugene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Chun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Handy, Emma L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sello, Jason K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kima, Peter E</creatorcontrib><title>Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl.</description><subject>Activation</subject><subject>Analogs</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apicomplexa</subject><subject>Benzamides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cells</subject><subject>Compartments</subject><subject>Cultures</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Inhibition</subject><subject>Inhibitors</subject><subject>Interleukin 6</subject><subject>Interleukin-6 - metabolism</subject><subject>Leishmania - classification</subject><subject>Leishmania - drug effects</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis - drug therapy</subject><subject>Lipopolysaccharides</subject><subject>Macrophages</subject><subject>Macrophages - parasitology</subject><subject>Mammalian cells</subject><subject>Mammals</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>RAW 264.7 Cells</subject><subject>Research and analysis methods</subject><subject>Shiga toxin</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Thiophenes - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Craig, Evan</au><au>Huyghues-Despointes, Charles-Eugene</au><au>Yu, Chun</au><au>Handy, Emma L</au><au>Sello, Jason K</au><au>Kima, Peter E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2017-05-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e0005556</spage><pages>e0005556-</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28505157</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-0509</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Activation Analogs Animals Apicomplexa Benzamides - pharmacology Biology and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Cells Compartments Cultures Drugs Engineering and Technology Infections Inhibition Inhibitors Interleukin 6 Interleukin-6 - metabolism Leishmania - classification Leishmania - drug effects Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis - drug therapy Lipopolysaccharides Macrophages Macrophages - parasitology Mammalian cells Mammals Medicine and Health Sciences Mice Parasites Parasitic diseases Proteins RAW 264.7 Cells Research and analysis methods Shiga toxin Studies Thiophenes - pharmacology Toxins Tropical diseases Vacuoles Vacuoles - parasitology |
| title | Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections |
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