Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis
The impact of tuberculosis (TB) is exacerbated in Africa because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis is difficult in HIV-infected patients and negative sputum results are more common which leads to diagnostic delay and increases morbidity and mo...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2017-05, Vol.12 (5), p.e0177529 |
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| description | The impact of tuberculosis (TB) is exacerbated in Africa because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis is difficult in HIV-infected patients and negative sputum results are more common which leads to diagnostic delay and increases morbidity and mortality. Extra-pulmonary samples such as stool may be easier to obtain and our approach may therefore significantly improve PTB detection in people living with HIV.
To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary TB.
A total of 117 HIV-infected individuals from three public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were enrolled consecutively in the study. Paired morning sputum and stool samples were simultaneously collected from anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals living with HIV and suspected for PTB. The diagnostic accuracy of the smear microscopy, culture and region of difference (RD)9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in stool was compared with the accuracy of sputum testing. Chi-square test and kappa value were used to compare different method used.
Sputum culture positivity for mycobacteria was confirmed in 33(28.2%) of the study subjects. Of 33 individuals positive for sputa culture, 10 individuals were observed to be stools culture positive. Of the 84 individuals negative for mycobacteria by sputum culture, three (3.6%) were stool culture positive and thus, the sensitivity and agreement between stool culture as compare to sputum culture were 30.3% and 0.33, respectively. Of 117 individuals, 11(9.4%) were sputum smear positive and of 11 sputum smear positive three were also stool smear positive. While of the 106 sputum smear negative individuals', only one was stool smear positive resulting in 12.1% sensitivity and 0.18 agreements against sputum culture. On the other hand, the sensitivity of RD9-based PCR directly on stool was 69.7% by considering sputum culture as a reference standard. Moreover, RD9-based PCR directly on sputum detected 7(6.0%) individuals who were sputum culture negative for M. tuberculosis.
M. tuberculosis was detected in stool of individuals living with HIV who were negative for sputum smear microscopy and culture. Hence, examination of stool samples alongside with sputum samples increases the detection of PTB in individuals living with HIV. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0177529 |
| format | Article |
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To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary TB.
A total of 117 HIV-infected individuals from three public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were enrolled consecutively in the study. Paired morning sputum and stool samples were simultaneously collected from anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals living with HIV and suspected for PTB. The diagnostic accuracy of the smear microscopy, culture and region of difference (RD)9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in stool was compared with the accuracy of sputum testing. Chi-square test and kappa value were used to compare different method used.
Sputum culture positivity for mycobacteria was confirmed in 33(28.2%) of the study subjects. Of 33 individuals positive for sputa culture, 10 individuals were observed to be stools culture positive. Of the 84 individuals negative for mycobacteria by sputum culture, three (3.6%) were stool culture positive and thus, the sensitivity and agreement between stool culture as compare to sputum culture were 30.3% and 0.33, respectively. Of 117 individuals, 11(9.4%) were sputum smear positive and of 11 sputum smear positive three were also stool smear positive. While of the 106 sputum smear negative individuals', only one was stool smear positive resulting in 12.1% sensitivity and 0.18 agreements against sputum culture. On the other hand, the sensitivity of RD9-based PCR directly on stool was 69.7% by considering sputum culture as a reference standard. Moreover, RD9-based PCR directly on sputum detected 7(6.0%) individuals who were sputum culture negative for M. tuberculosis.
M. tuberculosis was detected in stool of individuals living with HIV who were negative for sputum smear microscopy and culture. Hence, examination of stool samples alongside with sputum samples increases the detection of PTB in individuals living with HIV.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177529</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28542255</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Activation ; Adult ; Adults ; AIDS ; Analysis ; Antiretroviral therapy ; Assaying ; Bacilli ; Bacteria ; Biology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biopsy ; Bronchoscopy ; Care and treatment ; CD4 antigen ; Cell culture ; Chemotherapy ; Children ; Classification ; Clinical microbiology ; Collection ; Cysteine ; Data acquisition ; Data processing ; Death ; Decontamination ; Developing countries ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic tests ; Diarrhea ; Drug resistance ; Epidemics ; Ethiopia ; Feces ; Feces - microbiology ; Female ; Fever ; Fiber optics ; Health aspects ; HIV ; HIV patients ; HIV Seropositivity - complications ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Immunology ; Incidence ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Inflammation ; Intestine ; LDCs ; Lungs ; Male ; Management ; Medical diagnosis ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Microbiology ; Microscopy ; Middle Aged ; Morbidity ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis - isolation & purification ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis - physiology ; Pandemics ; Pathogens ; Patient outcomes ; Patients ; Public health ; Pulmonary tuberculosis ; Radiography ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Risk ; Secretions ; Sputum - microbiology ; Thawing ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - complications ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - microbiology ; Viruses ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-05, Vol.12 (5), p.e0177529</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Abaye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Abaye et al 2017 Abaye et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-716f0d8c2c59db77f3e3b671b12d6ebab549294d62c97101e8019582c035cad73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-716f0d8c2c59db77f3e3b671b12d6ebab549294d62c97101e8019582c035cad73</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8169-1453</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438117/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438117/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28542255$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Spigelman, Mark</contributor><creatorcontrib>Abaye, Gizaw E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abebe, Tamrat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Worku, Adane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tolessa, Debela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ameni, Gobena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mihret, Adane</creatorcontrib><title>Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The impact of tuberculosis (TB) is exacerbated in Africa because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis is difficult in HIV-infected patients and negative sputum results are more common which leads to diagnostic delay and increases morbidity and mortality. Extra-pulmonary samples such as stool may be easier to obtain and our approach may therefore significantly improve PTB detection in people living with HIV.
To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary TB.
A total of 117 HIV-infected individuals from three public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were enrolled consecutively in the study. Paired morning sputum and stool samples were simultaneously collected from anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals living with HIV and suspected for PTB. The diagnostic accuracy of the smear microscopy, culture and region of difference (RD)9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in stool was compared with the accuracy of sputum testing. Chi-square test and kappa value were used to compare different method used.
Sputum culture positivity for mycobacteria was confirmed in 33(28.2%) of the study subjects. Of 33 individuals positive for sputa culture, 10 individuals were observed to be stools culture positive. Of the 84 individuals negative for mycobacteria by sputum culture, three (3.6%) were stool culture positive and thus, the sensitivity and agreement between stool culture as compare to sputum culture were 30.3% and 0.33, respectively. Of 117 individuals, 11(9.4%) were sputum smear positive and of 11 sputum smear positive three were also stool smear positive. While of the 106 sputum smear negative individuals', only one was stool smear positive resulting in 12.1% sensitivity and 0.18 agreements against sputum culture. On the other hand, the sensitivity of RD9-based PCR directly on stool was 69.7% by considering sputum culture as a reference standard. Moreover, RD9-based PCR directly on sputum detected 7(6.0%) individuals who were sputum culture negative for M. tuberculosis.
M. tuberculosis was detected in stool of individuals living with HIV who were negative for sputum smear microscopy and culture. Hence, examination of stool samples alongside with sputum samples increases the detection of PTB in individuals living with HIV.</description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>Activation</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antiretroviral therapy</subject><subject>Assaying</subject><subject>Bacilli</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biopsy</subject><subject>Bronchoscopy</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>CD4 antigen</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Chemotherapy</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Classification</subject><subject>Clinical microbiology</subject><subject>Collection</subject><subject>Cysteine</subject><subject>Data acquisition</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Death</subject><subject>Decontamination</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Diagnostic tests</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Ethiopia</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - microbiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Fiber optics</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV patients</subject><subject>HIV Seropositivity - complications</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Lungs</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mycobacterium tuberculosis - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Mycobacterium tuberculosis - physiology</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Patient outcomes</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Pulmonary tuberculosis</subject><subject>Radiography</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Secretions</subject><subject>Sputum - microbiology</subject><subject>Thawing</subject><subject>Tuberculosis</subject><subject>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - complications</subject><subject>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - diagnosis</subject><subject>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - microbiology</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk1lr3DAQx01padK036C0hkJpH3arw7asl0JIjyykBHrkVcjyeFeLbTk6loZ--cpZJ6xLHooeJEa_-c8hTZK8xGiJKcMftibYXrbLwfSwRJixnPBHyTHmlCwKgujjg_NR8sy5LUI5LYviaXJEyjwjJM-Pkz-fwIPy2vSpadJvN8pUUnmwOnSpDxVYFVrjtEsba6JlA6nzxrQjfL66Sh1Ysxgi4PUOUt3XeqfrIFuXuuCGKAz1iA6h7Uwv7c1M83nypIkovJj2k-TXl88_z84XF5dfV2enFwtVcOIXDBcNqktFVM7rirGGAq0KhitM6gIqWeUZJzyrC6I4wwhDiTDPS6IQzZWsGT1JXu91hxhWTH1zAnMUCUQZisRqT9RGbsVgdRdzFUZqcWswdi2k9Vq1ICgiMudYMsiarIGMK5bVWaWaRpWcUBq1Pk7RQtVBraD3VrYz0flNrzdibXYiz2iJ8Zjuu0nAmusAzotOOwVtK3sw4TZvigteFmPeb_5BH65uotYyFqD7xsS4ahQVp7F1iJe4zCO1fICKq4ZOq_jJGh3tM4f3M4fIePjt1zI4J1Y_vv8_e3k1Z98esBuQrd8404bxk7o5mO1BZY1zFpr7JmMkxhm564YYZ0RMMxLdXh0-0L3T3VDQv3XQDkg</recordid><startdate>20170519</startdate><enddate>20170519</enddate><creator>Abaye, Gizaw E</creator><creator>Abebe, Tamrat</creator><creator>Worku, Adane</creator><creator>Tolessa, Debela</creator><creator>Ameni, Gobena</creator><creator>Mihret, Adane</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-1453</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170519</creationdate><title>Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis</title><author>Abaye, Gizaw E ; Abebe, Tamrat ; Worku, Adane ; Tolessa, Debela ; Ameni, Gobena ; Mihret, Adane</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-716f0d8c2c59db77f3e3b671b12d6ebab549294d62c97101e8019582c035cad73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</topic><topic>Activation</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>AIDS</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Antiretroviral therapy</topic><topic>Assaying</topic><topic>Bacilli</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biopsy</topic><topic>Bronchoscopy</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>CD4 antigen</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Chemotherapy</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Classification</topic><topic>Clinical microbiology</topic><topic>Collection</topic><topic>Cysteine</topic><topic>Data acquisition</topic><topic>Data processing</topic><topic>Death</topic><topic>Decontamination</topic><topic>Developing countries</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Diagnostic tests</topic><topic>Diarrhea</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Ethiopia</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Feces - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abaye, Gizaw E</au><au>Abebe, Tamrat</au><au>Worku, Adane</au><au>Tolessa, Debela</au><au>Ameni, Gobena</au><au>Mihret, Adane</au><au>Spigelman, Mark</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-05-19</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e0177529</spage><pages>e0177529-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The impact of tuberculosis (TB) is exacerbated in Africa because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis is difficult in HIV-infected patients and negative sputum results are more common which leads to diagnostic delay and increases morbidity and mortality. Extra-pulmonary samples such as stool may be easier to obtain and our approach may therefore significantly improve PTB detection in people living with HIV.
To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary TB.
A total of 117 HIV-infected individuals from three public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were enrolled consecutively in the study. Paired morning sputum and stool samples were simultaneously collected from anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals living with HIV and suspected for PTB. The diagnostic accuracy of the smear microscopy, culture and region of difference (RD)9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in stool was compared with the accuracy of sputum testing. Chi-square test and kappa value were used to compare different method used.
Sputum culture positivity for mycobacteria was confirmed in 33(28.2%) of the study subjects. Of 33 individuals positive for sputa culture, 10 individuals were observed to be stools culture positive. Of the 84 individuals negative for mycobacteria by sputum culture, three (3.6%) were stool culture positive and thus, the sensitivity and agreement between stool culture as compare to sputum culture were 30.3% and 0.33, respectively. Of 117 individuals, 11(9.4%) were sputum smear positive and of 11 sputum smear positive three were also stool smear positive. While of the 106 sputum smear negative individuals', only one was stool smear positive resulting in 12.1% sensitivity and 0.18 agreements against sputum culture. On the other hand, the sensitivity of RD9-based PCR directly on stool was 69.7% by considering sputum culture as a reference standard. Moreover, RD9-based PCR directly on sputum detected 7(6.0%) individuals who were sputum culture negative for M. tuberculosis.
M. tuberculosis was detected in stool of individuals living with HIV who were negative for sputum smear microscopy and culture. Hence, examination of stool samples alongside with sputum samples increases the detection of PTB in individuals living with HIV.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28542255</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0177529</doi><tpages>e0177529</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-1453</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2017-05, Vol.12 (5), p.e0177529 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1900350370 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Activation Adult Adults AIDS Analysis Antiretroviral therapy Assaying Bacilli Bacteria Biology Biology and Life Sciences Biopsy Bronchoscopy Care and treatment CD4 antigen Cell culture Chemotherapy Children Classification Clinical microbiology Collection Cysteine Data acquisition Data processing Death Decontamination Developing countries Diagnosis Diagnostic tests Diarrhea Drug resistance Epidemics Ethiopia Feces Feces - microbiology Female Fever Fiber optics Health aspects HIV HIV patients HIV Seropositivity - complications Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Immunology Incidence Infections Infectious diseases Inflammation Intestine LDCs Lungs Male Management Medical diagnosis Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Microbiology Microscopy Middle Aged Morbidity Mycobacterium tuberculosis - isolation & purification Mycobacterium tuberculosis - physiology Pandemics Pathogens Patient outcomes Patients Public health Pulmonary tuberculosis Radiography Research and Analysis Methods Risk Secretions Sputum - microbiology Thawing Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - complications Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - diagnosis Tuberculosis, Pulmonary - microbiology Viruses Young Adult |
| title | Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the stool of HIV sero-positive individuals suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-25T23%3A03%3A03IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection%20of%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%20from%20the%20stool%20of%20HIV%20sero-positive%20individuals%20suspected%20of%20pulmonary%20tuberculosis&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Abaye,%20Gizaw%20E&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e0177529&rft.pages=e0177529-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177529&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA492098185%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1900350370&rft_id=info:pmid/28542255&rft_galeid=A492098185&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_302a591a7e4f4fe49c74d4bcffc89233&rfr_iscdi=true |