A large-scale analysis of sex differences in facial expressions
There exists a stereotype that women are more expressive than men; however, research has almost exclusively focused on a single facial behavior, smiling. A large-scale study examines whether women are consistently more expressive than men or whether the effects are dependent on the emotion expressed...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0173942-e0173942 |
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| creator | McDuff, Daniel Kodra, Evan Kaliouby, Rana El LaFrance, Marianne |
| description | There exists a stereotype that women are more expressive than men; however, research has almost exclusively focused on a single facial behavior, smiling. A large-scale study examines whether women are consistently more expressive than men or whether the effects are dependent on the emotion expressed. Studies of gender differences in expressivity have been somewhat restricted to data collected in lab settings or which required labor-intensive manual coding. In the present study, we analyze gender differences in facial behaviors as over 2,000 viewers watch a set of video advertisements in their home environments. The facial responses were recorded using participants' own webcams. Using a new automated facial coding technology we coded facial activity. We find that women are not universally more expressive across all facial actions. Nor are they more expressive in all positive valence actions and less expressive in all negative valence actions. It appears that generally women express actions more frequently than men, and in particular express more positive valence actions. However, expressiveness is not greater in women for all negative valence actions and is dependent on the discrete emotional state. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0173942 |
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A large-scale study examines whether women are consistently more expressive than men or whether the effects are dependent on the emotion expressed. Studies of gender differences in expressivity have been somewhat restricted to data collected in lab settings or which required labor-intensive manual coding. In the present study, we analyze gender differences in facial behaviors as over 2,000 viewers watch a set of video advertisements in their home environments. The facial responses were recorded using participants' own webcams. Using a new automated facial coding technology we coded facial activity. We find that women are not universally more expressive across all facial actions. Nor are they more expressive in all positive valence actions and less expressive in all negative valence actions. It appears that generally women express actions more frequently than men, and in particular express more positive valence actions. However, expressiveness is not greater in women for all negative valence actions and is dependent on the discrete emotional state.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173942</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28422963</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Automation ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Coding ; Cosmetics ; Emotional factors ; Emotions ; Expressed Emotion - physiology ; Face - anatomy & histology ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Food ; Gender ; Gender aspects ; Gender differences ; Home environment ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods ; Internet ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Men ; Middle Aged ; People and Places ; Research methodology ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex differences ; Smiling - psychology ; Social Sciences ; Webcams ; Women</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0173942-e0173942</ispartof><rights>2017 McDuff et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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A large-scale study examines whether women are consistently more expressive than men or whether the effects are dependent on the emotion expressed. Studies of gender differences in expressivity have been somewhat restricted to data collected in lab settings or which required labor-intensive manual coding. In the present study, we analyze gender differences in facial behaviors as over 2,000 viewers watch a set of video advertisements in their home environments. The facial responses were recorded using participants' own webcams. Using a new automated facial coding technology we coded facial activity. We find that women are not universally more expressive across all facial actions. Nor are they more expressive in all positive valence actions and less expressive in all negative valence actions. It appears that generally women express actions more frequently than men, and in particular express more positive valence actions. 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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Automation Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Coding Cosmetics Emotional factors Emotions Expressed Emotion - physiology Face - anatomy & histology Facial Expression Female Food Gender Gender aspects Gender differences Home environment Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods Internet Male Medicine and Health Sciences Men Middle Aged People and Places Research methodology Sex Characteristics Sex differences Smiling - psychology Social Sciences Webcams Women |
| title | A large-scale analysis of sex differences in facial expressions |
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