Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0175588-e0175588 |
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| creator | Oliveira, Valéria da Costa Boechat, Viviane Cardoso Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho Madeira, Maria de Fátima Ferreira, Luiz Claudio Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges Campos, Monique Paiva de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas |
| description | Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0175588 |
| format | Article |
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The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175588</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28419136</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Amastigotes ; Analysis ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Bacterial - blood ; Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology ; Antibodies, Protozoan - blood ; Antibodies, Protozoan - immunology ; Assaying ; Bark ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood-brain barrier ; Bone marrow ; Brain ; Causes of ; Central nervous system ; Central Nervous System - parasitology ; Central Nervous System - pathology ; Central Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid ; Central Nervous System Diseases - parasitology ; Central Nervous System Diseases - veterinary ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Coinfection - microbiology ; Coinfection - parasitology ; Coinfection - veterinary ; Cuffs ; Degeneration ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; DNA, Protozoan - genetics ; Dog Diseases - microbiology ; Dog Diseases - parasitology ; Dogs ; Dosage and administration ; Ehrlichia canis - immunology ; Ehrlichia canis - physiology ; Ehrlichiosis - microbiology ; Ehrlichiosis - veterinary ; Enzymes ; Experimental infection ; Females ; Genital tract ; Glands ; Health aspects ; Histopathology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immune response (humoral) ; Immunoassay ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Infections ; Inflammation ; Leishmania infantum - genetics ; Leishmania infantum - immunology ; Leishmania infantum - physiology ; Leishmaniasis ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral - cerebrospinal fluid ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral - parasitology ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary ; Lesions ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphocytes B ; Males ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Meningitis ; Migration ; Motivation ; Myelitis ; Nervous system ; Neurodegeneration ; Paralysis ; Parasite Load ; Parasites ; Parasitic diseases ; Pathogenesis ; Probability theory ; Protozoa ; Public health ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk factors ; Seizures ; Semiarid environments ; Semiarid lands ; Skin ; Skull ; Spinal cord ; Spleen ; Toxoplasma - immunology ; Toxoplasma - physiology ; Toxoplasmosis ; Toxoplasmosis - parasitology ; Urban areas ; Vector-borne diseases ; Viability ; Visceral leishmaniasis ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0175588-e0175588</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Oliveira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Oliveira et al 2017 Oliveira et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c9d75628bbae71d588b67c34ed27435df268c893880aeed04e279a1d3d1b59053</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c9d75628bbae71d588b67c34ed27435df268c893880aeed04e279a1d3d1b59053</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1853-3449</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395170/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395170/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23871,27929,27930,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28419136$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Stäger, Simona</contributor><creatorcontrib>Oliveira, Valéria da Costa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boechat, Viviane Cardoso</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madeira, Maria de Fátima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreira, Luiz Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Campos, Monique Paiva</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas</creatorcontrib><title>Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Amastigotes</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Bacterial - blood</subject><subject>Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology</subject><subject>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</subject><subject>Antibodies, Protozoan - immunology</subject><subject>Assaying</subject><subject>Bark</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood-brain barrier</subject><subject>Bone marrow</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Causes of</subject><subject>Central nervous system</subject><subject>Central Nervous System - parasitology</subject><subject>Central Nervous System - pathology</subject><subject>Central Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Central Nervous System Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Central Nervous System Diseases - veterinary</subject><subject>Cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Coinfection - microbiology</subject><subject>Coinfection - parasitology</subject><subject>Coinfection - veterinary</subject><subject>Cuffs</subject><subject>Degeneration</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</subject><subject>Dog Diseases - microbiology</subject><subject>Dog Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Dosage and administration</subject><subject>Ehrlichia canis - immunology</subject><subject>Ehrlichia canis - physiology</subject><subject>Ehrlichiosis - microbiology</subject><subject>Ehrlichiosis - veterinary</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Experimental infection</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Genital tract</subject><subject>Glands</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Histopathology</subject><subject>Host-Parasite Interactions</subject><subject>Host-Pathogen Interactions</subject><subject>Immune response (humoral)</subject><subject>Immunoassay</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>In Situ Hybridization</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Leishmania infantum - genetics</subject><subject>Leishmania infantum - immunology</subject><subject>Leishmania infantum - physiology</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - parasitology</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary</subject><subject>Lesions</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes B</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Meningitis</subject><subject>Migration</subject><subject>Motivation</subject><subject>Myelitis</subject><subject>Nervous system</subject><subject>Neurodegeneration</subject><subject>Paralysis</subject><subject>Parasite Load</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Probability theory</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Seizures</subject><subject>Semiarid environments</subject><subject>Semiarid lands</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skull</subject><subject>Spinal cord</subject><subject>Spleen</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - immunology</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - physiology</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis - parasitology</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><subject>Viability</subject><subject>Visceral leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11rFDEUhgdRrFb_gWhAEIXuOplsZiZeCKX4UShU_LoNmeTMbkomqUmmuP_Gn-rZ3WnpSi9kLiYkz_ue5HwUxTNazilr6NuLMEav3PwyeJiXtOG8be8Vj6hg1ayuSnb_1vqgeJzSRVly1tb1w-KgahdUUFY_Kv6caz3GCF4DCT05A5tWg_JWEet75fM44ILkFRANPkfliId4FcZE0jplGDYir_KIJ2690YDOYIgJy_SOfFFRJZuBuKDMEbmyqrPO5vUR0WG2Y23wiShvyMqmHFxYWo0xlMsQ1fbwSfGgVy7B0-l_WPz4-OH7yefZ2fmn05Pjs5muRZVnWpiG11XbdQoaajAXXd1otgBTNQvGTV_VrW4Fa9tSAZhyAVUjFDXM0I4LTMxh8WLne-lCklNyk6QtimrKGUXidEeYoC7kZbSDimsZlJXbjRCXUsVstQMpupKiL28r2uMVhMDbVbzruooLDLbxej9FG7sBzJTbPdP9E29XchmuJGeC06ZEg9eTQQy_RkhZDjZpcE55wOps7900dcsrRF_-g979uolaKnwAFidgXL0xlccLUZY1w7hIze-g8DMwWI2d2Fvc3xO82RMgk-F3XqoxJXn67ev_s-c_99lXt9gVYMesUnDjtmf2wcUO1DGkFKG_STIt5WaQrrMhN4Mkp0FC2fPbBboRXU8O-wsjARr7</recordid><startdate>20170418</startdate><enddate>20170418</enddate><creator>Oliveira, Valéria da Costa</creator><creator>Boechat, Viviane Cardoso</creator><creator>Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho</creator><creator>Madeira, Maria de Fátima</creator><creator>Ferreira, Luiz Claudio</creator><creator>Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges</creator><creator>Campos, Monique Paiva</creator><creator>de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas</creator><creator>Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos</creator><creator>Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis</creator><creator>Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-3449</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170418</creationdate><title>Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations</title><author>Oliveira, Valéria da Costa ; Boechat, Viviane Cardoso ; Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho ; Madeira, Maria de Fátima ; Ferreira, Luiz Claudio ; Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges ; Campos, Monique Paiva ; de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas ; Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos ; Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis ; Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-c9d75628bbae71d588b67c34ed27435df268c893880aeed04e279a1d3d1b59053</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Amastigotes</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antibodies, Bacterial - blood</topic><topic>Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology</topic><topic>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</topic><topic>Antibodies, Protozoan - immunology</topic><topic>Assaying</topic><topic>Bark</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Blood-brain barrier</topic><topic>Bone marrow</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Causes of</topic><topic>Central nervous system</topic><topic>Central Nervous System - parasitology</topic><topic>Central Nervous System - pathology</topic><topic>Central Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Central Nervous System Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Central Nervous System Diseases - veterinary</topic><topic>Cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Coinfection - microbiology</topic><topic>Coinfection - parasitology</topic><topic>Coinfection - veterinary</topic><topic>Cuffs</topic><topic>Degeneration</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</topic><topic>Dog Diseases - microbiology</topic><topic>Dog Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>Dosage and administration</topic><topic>Ehrlichia canis - immunology</topic><topic>Ehrlichia canis - physiology</topic><topic>Ehrlichiosis - microbiology</topic><topic>Ehrlichiosis - veterinary</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Experimental infection</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Genital tract</topic><topic>Glands</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Histopathology</topic><topic>Host-Parasite Interactions</topic><topic>Host-Pathogen Interactions</topic><topic>Immune response (humoral)</topic><topic>Immunoassay</topic><topic>Immunohistochemistry</topic><topic>In Situ Hybridization</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Leishmania infantum - genetics</topic><topic>Leishmania infantum - immunology</topic><topic>Leishmania infantum - physiology</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - parasitology</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary</topic><topic>Lesions</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Lymphocytes B</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Meningitis</topic><topic>Migration</topic><topic>Motivation</topic><topic>Myelitis</topic><topic>Nervous system</topic><topic>Neurodegeneration</topic><topic>Paralysis</topic><topic>Parasite Load</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Parasitic diseases</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Probability theory</topic><topic>Protozoa</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Seizures</topic><topic>Semiarid environments</topic><topic>Semiarid lands</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Skull</topic><topic>Spinal cord</topic><topic>Spleen</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - immunology</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - physiology</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis - parasitology</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><topic>Viability</topic><topic>Visceral leishmaniasis</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Oliveira, Valéria da Costa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boechat, Viviane Cardoso</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madeira, Maria de Fátima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreira, Luiz Claudio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Campos, Monique Paiva</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Proquest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Oliveira, Valéria da Costa</au><au>Boechat, Viviane Cardoso</au><au>Mendes Junior, Artur Augusto Velho</au><au>Madeira, Maria de Fátima</au><au>Ferreira, Luiz Claudio</au><au>Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges</au><au>Campos, Monique Paiva</au><au>de Carvalho Rodrigues, Francisco das Chagas</au><au>Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcellos</au><au>Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis</au><au>Menezes, Rodrigo Caldas</au><au>Stäger, Simona</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-04-18</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0175588</spage><epage>e0175588</epage><pages>e0175588-e0175588</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28419136</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0175588</doi><tpages>e0175588</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-3449</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0175588-e0175588 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1889361531 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Age Amastigotes Analysis Animals Antibodies Antibodies, Bacterial - blood Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology Antibodies, Protozoan - blood Antibodies, Protozoan - immunology Assaying Bark Biology and Life Sciences Blood-brain barrier Bone marrow Brain Causes of Central nervous system Central Nervous System - parasitology Central Nervous System - pathology Central Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid Central Nervous System Diseases - parasitology Central Nervous System Diseases - veterinary Cerebrospinal fluid Coinfection - microbiology Coinfection - parasitology Coinfection - veterinary Cuffs Degeneration Deoxyribonucleic acid Development and progression Diagnosis DNA DNA, Protozoan - genetics Dog Diseases - microbiology Dog Diseases - parasitology Dogs Dosage and administration Ehrlichia canis - immunology Ehrlichia canis - physiology Ehrlichiosis - microbiology Ehrlichiosis - veterinary Enzymes Experimental infection Females Genital tract Glands Health aspects Histopathology Host-Parasite Interactions Host-Pathogen Interactions Immune response (humoral) Immunoassay Immunohistochemistry In Situ Hybridization Infections Inflammation Leishmania infantum - genetics Leishmania infantum - immunology Leishmania infantum - physiology Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis, Visceral - cerebrospinal fluid Leishmaniasis, Visceral - parasitology Leishmaniasis, Visceral - veterinary Lesions Lymphocytes Lymphocytes B Males Medicine and Health Sciences Meningitis Migration Motivation Myelitis Nervous system Neurodegeneration Paralysis Parasite Load Parasites Parasitic diseases Pathogenesis Probability theory Protozoa Public health Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Risk factors Seizures Semiarid environments Semiarid lands Skin Skull Spinal cord Spleen Toxoplasma - immunology Toxoplasma - physiology Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis - parasitology Urban areas Vector-borne diseases Viability Visceral leishmaniasis Zoonoses |
| title | Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations |
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