Exploring binaural hearing in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) using virtual headphones
The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has become a key species in investigations of the neural processing of sound localization cues in mammals. While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present sig...
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| description | The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has become a key species in investigations of the neural processing of sound localization cues in mammals. While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present signals with binaural localization cues. The gerbil's behavioral sensitivity to binaural cues, however, is unknown for the lack of appropriate stimulation paradigms in awake behaving gerbils. We close this gap in knowledge by mimicking a headphone stimulation; we use free-field loudspeakers and apply cross-talk cancellation techniques to present pure tones with binaural cues via "virtual headphones" to gerbils trained in a sound localization task. All gerbils were able to lateralize sounds depending on the interaural time or level difference (ITD and ILD, respectively). For ITD stimuli, reliable responses were seen for frequencies ≤2.9 kHz, the highest frequency tested with ITD stimuli. ITD sensitivity was frequency-dependent with the highest sensitivity observed at 1 kHz. For stimuli with ITD outside the gerbil's physiological range, responses were cyclic indicating the use of phase information when lateralizing narrow-band sounds. For ILD stimuli, reliable responses were obtained for frequencies ≥2 kHz. The comparison of ITD and ILD thresholds with ITD and ILD thresholds derived from gerbils' free-field performance suggests that ongoing ITD information is the main cue for sound localization at frequencies |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0175142 |
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While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present signals with binaural localization cues. The gerbil's behavioral sensitivity to binaural cues, however, is unknown for the lack of appropriate stimulation paradigms in awake behaving gerbils. We close this gap in knowledge by mimicking a headphone stimulation; we use free-field loudspeakers and apply cross-talk cancellation techniques to present pure tones with binaural cues via "virtual headphones" to gerbils trained in a sound localization task. All gerbils were able to lateralize sounds depending on the interaural time or level difference (ITD and ILD, respectively). For ITD stimuli, reliable responses were seen for frequencies ≤2.9 kHz, the highest frequency tested with ITD stimuli. ITD sensitivity was frequency-dependent with the highest sensitivity observed at 1 kHz. For stimuli with ITD outside the gerbil's physiological range, responses were cyclic indicating the use of phase information when lateralizing narrow-band sounds. For ILD stimuli, reliable responses were obtained for frequencies ≥2 kHz. The comparison of ITD and ILD thresholds with ITD and ILD thresholds derived from gerbils' free-field performance suggests that ongoing ITD information is the main cue for sound localization at frequencies <2 kHz. At 2 kHz, ITD and ILD cues are likely used in a complementary way. Verification of the use of the virtual headphones suggests that they can serve as a suitable substitute for conventional headphones particularly at frequencies ≤2 kHz.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175142</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28394906</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acoustic Stimulation - instrumentation ; Acoustic Stimulation - methods ; Acoustics ; Animal cognition ; Animals ; Binaural hearing ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Conditioning, Operant ; Cues ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Ears & hearing ; Engineering and Technology ; Frequency dependence ; Gerbillinae ; Gerbils ; Headphones ; Hearing Tests - instrumentation ; Hearing Tests - methods ; Information processing ; Investigations ; Localization ; Loudspeakers ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mimicry ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical ; Normal distribution ; Phase (cyclic) ; Physical Sciences ; Physiological aspects ; Psychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Reorganization and restructuring ; Rodents ; Sensitivity ; Sensory perception ; Social Sciences ; Sound ; Sound Localization ; Stimulation ; Stimuli ; Thresholds ; Timing</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-04, Vol.12 (4), p.e0175142-e0175142</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Tolnai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Tolnai et al 2017 Tolnai et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-aa2160cf6a454edf0db5bb60521e54c3eef9bdaa4709430a22c143dbc2eff6b13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-aa2160cf6a454edf0db5bb60521e54c3eef9bdaa4709430a22c143dbc2eff6b13</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0761-3657</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5386270/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5386270/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2101,2927,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79471,79472</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394906$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Malmierca, Manuel S.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Tolnai, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beutelmann, Rainer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klump, Georg M</creatorcontrib><title>Exploring binaural hearing in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) using virtual headphones</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has become a key species in investigations of the neural processing of sound localization cues in mammals. While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present signals with binaural localization cues. The gerbil's behavioral sensitivity to binaural cues, however, is unknown for the lack of appropriate stimulation paradigms in awake behaving gerbils. We close this gap in knowledge by mimicking a headphone stimulation; we use free-field loudspeakers and apply cross-talk cancellation techniques to present pure tones with binaural cues via "virtual headphones" to gerbils trained in a sound localization task. All gerbils were able to lateralize sounds depending on the interaural time or level difference (ITD and ILD, respectively). For ITD stimuli, reliable responses were seen for frequencies ≤2.9 kHz, the highest frequency tested with ITD stimuli. ITD sensitivity was frequency-dependent with the highest sensitivity observed at 1 kHz. For stimuli with ITD outside the gerbil's physiological range, responses were cyclic indicating the use of phase information when lateralizing narrow-band sounds. For ILD stimuli, reliable responses were obtained for frequencies ≥2 kHz. The comparison of ITD and ILD thresholds with ITD and ILD thresholds derived from gerbils' free-field performance suggests that ongoing ITD information is the main cue for sound localization at frequencies <2 kHz. At 2 kHz, ITD and ILD cues are likely used in a complementary way. Verification of the use of the virtual headphones suggests that they can serve as a suitable substitute for conventional headphones particularly at frequencies ≤2 kHz.</description><subject>Acoustic Stimulation - instrumentation</subject><subject>Acoustic Stimulation - methods</subject><subject>Acoustics</subject><subject>Animal cognition</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Binaural hearing</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Conditioning, Operant</subject><subject>Cues</subject><subject>Discrimination (Psychology)</subject><subject>Ears & hearing</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Frequency dependence</subject><subject>Gerbillinae</subject><subject>Gerbils</subject><subject>Headphones</subject><subject>Hearing Tests - instrumentation</subject><subject>Hearing Tests - methods</subject><subject>Information 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headphones</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-04-10</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0175142</spage><epage>e0175142</epage><pages>e0175142-e0175142</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has become a key species in investigations of the neural processing of sound localization cues in mammals. While its sound localization has been tested extensively under free-field stimulation, many neurophysiological studies use headphones to present signals with binaural localization cues. The gerbil's behavioral sensitivity to binaural cues, however, is unknown for the lack of appropriate stimulation paradigms in awake behaving gerbils. We close this gap in knowledge by mimicking a headphone stimulation; we use free-field loudspeakers and apply cross-talk cancellation techniques to present pure tones with binaural cues via "virtual headphones" to gerbils trained in a sound localization task. All gerbils were able to lateralize sounds depending on the interaural time or level difference (ITD and ILD, respectively). For ITD stimuli, reliable responses were seen for frequencies ≤2.9 kHz, the highest frequency tested with ITD stimuli. ITD sensitivity was frequency-dependent with the highest sensitivity observed at 1 kHz. For stimuli with ITD outside the gerbil's physiological range, responses were cyclic indicating the use of phase information when lateralizing narrow-band sounds. For ILD stimuli, reliable responses were obtained for frequencies ≥2 kHz. The comparison of ITD and ILD thresholds with ITD and ILD thresholds derived from gerbils' free-field performance suggests that ongoing ITD information is the main cue for sound localization at frequencies <2 kHz. At 2 kHz, ITD and ILD cues are likely used in a complementary way. Verification of the use of the virtual headphones suggests that they can serve as a suitable substitute for conventional headphones particularly at frequencies ≤2 kHz.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28394906</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0175142</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3657</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acoustic Stimulation - instrumentation Acoustic Stimulation - methods Acoustics Animal cognition Animals Binaural hearing Biology and Life Sciences Conditioning, Operant Cues Discrimination (Psychology) Ears & hearing Engineering and Technology Frequency dependence Gerbillinae Gerbils Headphones Hearing Tests - instrumentation Hearing Tests - methods Information processing Investigations Localization Loudspeakers Male Medicine and Health Sciences Mimicry Models, Animal Models, Theoretical Normal distribution Phase (cyclic) Physical Sciences Physiological aspects Psychological Tests Psychometrics Reorganization and restructuring Rodents Sensitivity Sensory perception Social Sciences Sound Sound Localization Stimulation Stimuli Thresholds Timing |
| title | Exploring binaural hearing in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) using virtual headphones |
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