Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries
Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total...
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| creator | Abdul Majid, Mohamad Azlan Mahboob, Tooba Mong, Brandon G J Jaturas, Narong Richard, Reena Leeba Tian-Chye, Tan Phimphila, Anusorn Mahaphonh, Panomphanh Aye, Kyaw Nyein Aung, Wai Lynn Chuah, Joon Ziegler, Alan D Yasiri, Atipat Sawangjaroen, Nongyao Lim, Yvonne A L Nissapatorn, Veeranoot |
| description | Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. The pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba lenticulata and A. triangularis were detected from untreated water samples, while Vermamoeba vermiformis was found in both treated and untreated water samples. Our results suggested that poor water quality as well as inadequate maintenance and treatment might be the cause of this alarming problem since chlorine disinfection is ineffective in eradicating these amoebas in treated water samples. Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0169448 |
| format | Article |
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The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. The pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba lenticulata and A. triangularis were detected from untreated water samples, while Vermamoeba vermiformis was found in both treated and untreated water samples. Our results suggested that poor water quality as well as inadequate maintenance and treatment might be the cause of this alarming problem since chlorine disinfection is ineffective in eradicating these amoebas in treated water samples. Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169448</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28212409</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acanthamoeba ; Acanthamoeba lenticulata ; Agar ; Amoeba ; Amoeba - classification ; Amoeba - genetics ; Amoeba - isolation & purification ; Aquatic ecological zones ; Aquatic environment ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Base Sequence ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Chlorine ; Contact lenses ; Cysts ; Disinfection ; E coli ; Earth Sciences ; Environmental monitoring ; Food availability ; Food security ; Food sources ; Hartmannella ; Hartmannella vermiformis ; Health aspects ; Health sciences ; Humans ; Immunofluorescence ; Infections ; Medical laboratories ; Medical technology ; Medicine ; Morphology ; Naegleria ; Parasitology ; People and Places ; Phylogeny ; Physiological aspects ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Treated water ; Trophozoites ; Water analysis ; Water Microbiology ; Water purification ; Water quality ; Water sampling ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-02, Vol.12 (2), p.e0169448-e0169448</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Abdul Majid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Abdul Majid et al 2017 Abdul Majid et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-c0216c23094b02603f56d937fefd06406197af1877489213b9ad16f8d0d0cbd13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-c0216c23094b02603f56d937fefd06406197af1877489213b9ad16f8d0d0cbd13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5315373/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5315373/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,2932,23875,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212409$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Chiang, Tzen-Yuh</contributor><creatorcontrib>Abdul Majid, Mohamad Azlan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahboob, Tooba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mong, Brandon G J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jaturas, Narong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richard, Reena Leeba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tian-Chye, Tan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phimphila, Anusorn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahaphonh, Panomphanh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aye, Kyaw Nyein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aung, Wai Lynn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chuah, Joon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ziegler, Alan D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yasiri, Atipat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sawangjaroen, Nongyao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Yvonne A L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nissapatorn, Veeranoot</creatorcontrib><title>Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. 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Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public.</description><subject>Acanthamoeba</subject><subject>Acanthamoeba lenticulata</subject><subject>Agar</subject><subject>Amoeba</subject><subject>Amoeba - classification</subject><subject>Amoeba - genetics</subject><subject>Amoeba - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Aquatic ecological zones</subject><subject>Aquatic environment</subject><subject>Asian Continental Ancestry Group</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Contact lenses</subject><subject>Cysts</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Food availability</subject><subject>Food security</subject><subject>Food sources</subject><subject>Hartmannella</subject><subject>Hartmannella vermiformis</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunofluorescence</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Medical laboratories</subject><subject>Medical technology</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Naegleria</subject><subject>Parasitology</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Treated water</subject><subject>Trophozoites</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water purification</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water 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Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abdul Majid, Mohamad Azlan</au><au>Mahboob, Tooba</au><au>Mong, Brandon G J</au><au>Jaturas, Narong</au><au>Richard, Reena Leeba</au><au>Tian-Chye, Tan</au><au>Phimphila, Anusorn</au><au>Mahaphonh, Panomphanh</au><au>Aye, Kyaw Nyein</au><au>Aung, Wai Lynn</au><au>Chuah, Joon</au><au>Ziegler, Alan D</au><au>Yasiri, Atipat</au><au>Sawangjaroen, Nongyao</au><au>Lim, Yvonne A L</au><au>Nissapatorn, Veeranoot</au><au>Chiang, Tzen-Yuh</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-02-17</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0169448</spage><epage>e0169448</epage><pages>e0169448-e0169448</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. The pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba lenticulata and A. triangularis were detected from untreated water samples, while Vermamoeba vermiformis was found in both treated and untreated water samples. Our results suggested that poor water quality as well as inadequate maintenance and treatment might be the cause of this alarming problem since chlorine disinfection is ineffective in eradicating these amoebas in treated water samples. Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28212409</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0169448</doi><tpages>e0169448</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2017-02, Vol.12 (2), p.e0169448-e0169448 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1869532673 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba lenticulata Agar Amoeba Amoeba - classification Amoeba - genetics Amoeba - isolation & purification Aquatic ecological zones Aquatic environment Asian Continental Ancestry Group Base Sequence Biology and Life Sciences Chlorine Contact lenses Cysts Disinfection E coli Earth Sciences Environmental monitoring Food availability Food security Food sources Hartmannella Hartmannella vermiformis Health aspects Health sciences Humans Immunofluorescence Infections Medical laboratories Medical technology Medicine Morphology Naegleria Parasitology People and Places Phylogeny Physiological aspects Research and Analysis Methods Treated water Trophozoites Water analysis Water Microbiology Water purification Water quality Water sampling Water treatment |
| title | Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries |
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