The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury
Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2017-02, Vol.12 (2), p.e0171937-e0171937 |
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| creator | Ryu, Youngjae Ogata, Toru Nagao, Motoshi Kitamura, Taku Morioka, Kazuhito Ichihara, Yoshinori Doi, Toru Sawada, Yasuhiro Akai, Masami Nishimura, Ryohei Fujita, Naoki |
| description | Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0171937 |
| format | Article |
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However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171937</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28182676</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animal tissues ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Brain research ; Cages ; Complications and side effects ; Diagnosis ; Electromyography ; Evaluation ; Feasibility studies ; Female ; H-Reflex ; Health aspects ; Immunoreactivity ; Injuries ; Life sciences ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental depression ; Motor Neurons - metabolism ; Motor Neurons - physiology ; Muscle pain ; Muscle Spasticity - etiology ; Muscle Spasticity - pathology ; Muscle Spasticity - physiopathology ; Neural networks ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A - metabolism ; Rehabilitation ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Risk factors ; Rodents ; Serotonin ; Serotonin S2 receptors ; Spasticity ; Spinal cord injuries ; Spinal Cord Injuries - complications ; Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology ; Spine ; Surgery ; Swimming ; Swimming behavior ; Test procedures ; Thorax ; Vertebrae</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2017-02, Vol.12 (2), p.e0171937-e0171937</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2017 Ryu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 Ryu et al 2017 Ryu et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c791t-e9b96fbcdf3db3031ebe0431d17a094617a0f94b5e801343881879faf27db0d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c791t-e9b96fbcdf3db3031ebe0431d17a094617a0f94b5e801343881879faf27db0d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300247/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300247/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182676$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ryu, Youngjae</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ogata, Toru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagao, Motoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitamura, Taku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morioka, Kazuhito</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ichihara, Yoshinori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doi, Toru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sawada, Yasuhiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akai, Masami</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nishimura, Ryohei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fujita, Naoki</creatorcontrib><title>The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animal tissues</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cages</subject><subject>Complications and side effects</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Feasibility studies</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>H-Reflex</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Immunoreactivity</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Life sciences</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Motor Neurons - metabolism</subject><subject>Motor Neurons - physiology</subject><subject>Muscle pain</subject><subject>Muscle Spasticity - etiology</subject><subject>Muscle Spasticity - pathology</subject><subject>Muscle Spasticity - physiopathology</subject><subject>Neural networks</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A - metabolism</subject><subject>Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Serotonin</subject><subject>Serotonin S2 receptors</subject><subject>Spasticity</subject><subject>Spinal cord injuries</subject><subject>Spinal Cord Injuries - complications</subject><subject>Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology</subject><subject>Spine</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Swimming behavior</subject><subject>Test 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swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury</title><author>Ryu, Youngjae ; Ogata, Toru ; Nagao, Motoshi ; Kitamura, Taku ; Morioka, Kazuhito ; Ichihara, Yoshinori ; Doi, Toru ; Sawada, Yasuhiro ; Akai, Masami ; Nishimura, Ryohei ; Fujita, Naoki</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c791t-e9b96fbcdf3db3031ebe0431d17a094617a0f94b5e801343881879faf27db0d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animal tissues</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Cages</topic><topic>Complications and side effects</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Feasibility studies</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>H-Reflex</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Immunoreactivity</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Life sciences</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Motor Neurons - metabolism</topic><topic>Motor Neurons - physiology</topic><topic>Muscle pain</topic><topic>Muscle Spasticity - etiology</topic><topic>Muscle Spasticity - pathology</topic><topic>Muscle Spasticity - physiopathology</topic><topic>Neural networks</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A - metabolism</topic><topic>Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Serotonin</topic><topic>Serotonin S2 receptors</topic><topic>Spasticity</topic><topic>Spinal cord injuries</topic><topic>Spinal Cord Injuries - complications</topic><topic>Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology</topic><topic>Spine</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Swimming 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Toru</au><au>Sawada, Yasuhiro</au><au>Akai, Masami</au><au>Nishimura, Ryohei</au><au>Fujita, Naoki</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2017-02-09</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0171937</spage><epage>e0171937</epage><pages>e0171937-e0171937</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Spasticity is a frequent chronic complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the severity of spasticity varies in patients with SCI. Therefore, an evaluation method is needed to determine the severity of spasticity. We used a contusive SCI model that is suitable for clinical translation. In this study, we examined the feasibility of the swimming test and an EMG for evaluating spasticity in a contusive SCI rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats received an injury at the 8th thoracic vertebra. Swimming tests were performed 3 to 6 weeks after SCI induction. We placed the SCI rats into spasticity-strong or spasticity-weak groups based on the frequency of spastic behavior during the swimming test. Subsequently, we recorded the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and examined the immunoreactivity of serotonin (5-HT) and its receptor (5-HT2A) in the spinal tissues of the SCI rats. The spasticity-strong group had significantly decreased rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex compared to the spasticity-weak group. The area of 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the spasticity-strong group. Thus, both electrophysiological and histological evaluations indicate that the spasticity-strong group presented with a more severe upper motor neuron syndrome. We also observed the groups in their cages for 20 hours. Our results suggest that the swimming test provides an accurate evaluation of spasticity in this contusive SCI model. We believe that the swimming test is an effective method for evaluating spastic behaviors and developing treatments targeting spasticity after SCI.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>28182676</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0171937</doi><tpages>e0171937</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1866630338 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Analysis Animal tissues Animals Biology and Life Sciences Brain research Cages Complications and side effects Diagnosis Electromyography Evaluation Feasibility studies Female H-Reflex Health aspects Immunoreactivity Injuries Life sciences Medicine and Health Sciences Mental depression Motor Neurons - metabolism Motor Neurons - physiology Muscle pain Muscle Spasticity - etiology Muscle Spasticity - pathology Muscle Spasticity - physiopathology Neural networks Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A - metabolism Rehabilitation Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Rodents Serotonin Serotonin S2 receptors Spasticity Spinal cord injuries Spinal Cord Injuries - complications Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology Spine Surgery Swimming Swimming behavior Test procedures Thorax Vertebrae |
| title | The swimming test is effective for evaluating spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-19T02%3A12%3A33IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20swimming%20test%20is%20effective%20for%20evaluating%20spasticity%20after%20contusive%20spinal%20cord%20injury&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ryu,%20Youngjae&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e0171937&rft.epage=e0171937&rft.pages=e0171937-e0171937&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171937&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA481039752%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1866630338&rft_id=info:pmid/28182676&rft_galeid=A481039752&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_2c6cc97d371e4b9fbbe3e70a78009143&rfr_iscdi=true |