Labour Trafficking among Men and Boys in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Exploitation, Violence, Occupational Health Risks and Injuries
Men comprise nearly two-thirds of trafficked and forced labourers in common low-skilled labour sectors including fishing, agriculture and factory work. Yet, most evidence on human trafficking has focused on women and girls trafficked for sex work, with scant research on trafficked men and boys. We a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2016-12, Vol.11 (12), p.e0168500-e0168500 |
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| description | Men comprise nearly two-thirds of trafficked and forced labourers in common low-skilled labour sectors including fishing, agriculture and factory work. Yet, most evidence on human trafficking has focused on women and girls trafficked for sex work, with scant research on trafficked men and boys.
We analyse survey data from the largest systematic consecutive sample of trafficked people collected to date to describe the prevalence of violence, occupational health risks and injuries and associated factors. Participants were labour-trafficked men and boys using post-trafficking support services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Data are presented on 446 males aged 10-58. Men and boys were mainly trafficked for fishing (61.7%), manufacturing (19.1%) and begging (5.2%). Fishermen worked extensive hours (mean 18.8 hours/day, SD 5.9) and factory workers worked on average 11.9 hours/day (SD 2.9). 35.5% of male survivors had been injured while trafficked; 29.4% received no personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves). The most commonly reported injuries among all males were deep cuts (61.8%) and skin injuries (36.7%), injuries for which fewer than one-quarter reported receiving medical care. Six fishermen lost body parts, none of whom received medical care. Most males (80.5%) had no or very few rest breaks. One-third (37.8%) experienced severe violence. Work-related injuries were associated with severe violence (AOR 3.44, CI:1.63-7.26), being in the fishing sector, (AOR 4.12, CI:2.39-7.09) and threats (AOR 2.77, CI:1.62-4.75). Experiencing any violence was associated with threats (AOR 26.86, CI:14.0-51.23), being in the fishing sector (AOR 18.53, CI:8.74-39.28) and fluency in language of destination country (AOR 0.39, CI:0.20-0.75).
This study highlights the abuse and extreme occupational hazards suffered by trafficked men and boys. Occupational health and safety interventions are urgently needed to protect male migrant labourers working in high-risk sectors, particularly fishing. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0168500 |
| format | Article |
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We analyse survey data from the largest systematic consecutive sample of trafficked people collected to date to describe the prevalence of violence, occupational health risks and injuries and associated factors. Participants were labour-trafficked men and boys using post-trafficking support services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Data are presented on 446 males aged 10-58. Men and boys were mainly trafficked for fishing (61.7%), manufacturing (19.1%) and begging (5.2%). Fishermen worked extensive hours (mean 18.8 hours/day, SD 5.9) and factory workers worked on average 11.9 hours/day (SD 2.9). 35.5% of male survivors had been injured while trafficked; 29.4% received no personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves). The most commonly reported injuries among all males were deep cuts (61.8%) and skin injuries (36.7%), injuries for which fewer than one-quarter reported receiving medical care. Six fishermen lost body parts, none of whom received medical care. Most males (80.5%) had no or very few rest breaks. One-third (37.8%) experienced severe violence. Work-related injuries were associated with severe violence (AOR 3.44, CI:1.63-7.26), being in the fishing sector, (AOR 4.12, CI:2.39-7.09) and threats (AOR 2.77, CI:1.62-4.75). Experiencing any violence was associated with threats (AOR 26.86, CI:14.0-51.23), being in the fishing sector (AOR 18.53, CI:8.74-39.28) and fluency in language of destination country (AOR 0.39, CI:0.20-0.75).
This study highlights the abuse and extreme occupational hazards suffered by trafficked men and boys. Occupational health and safety interventions are urgently needed to protect male migrant labourers working in high-risk sectors, particularly fishing.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168500</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27992583</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abuse ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aggression ; Agriculture ; Asia, Southeastern ; Assaults ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body parts ; Boys ; Child ; Child Abuse - statistics & numerical data ; Commercial fishing ; Data processing ; Domestic violence ; Evaluation ; Evidence ; Exploitation ; Fishermen ; Fishing ; Gender ; Girls ; Gloves ; Health care ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Health services ; Human smuggling ; Human trafficking ; Human Trafficking - statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Imprisonment ; Industrial workers ; Injuries ; Internet ; Kidnapping ; Labor ; Male ; Males ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Men ; Mens health ; Mental health ; Middle Aged ; Migrant labor ; Migrants ; Murders & murder attempts ; Occupational hazards ; Occupational health ; Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Injuries - classification ; Occupational Injuries - epidemiology ; Occupational safety ; People and Places ; Personal communication ; Personal protective equipment ; Prevalence ; Protective equipment ; Risk factors ; Seafood ; Sex industry ; Skin ; Skin injuries ; Slavery ; Social Sciences ; Support services ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Threats ; Training ; Violence ; Work-related injuries ; Workers ; Workplace Violence - statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-12, Vol.11 (12), p.e0168500-e0168500</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Pocock et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2016 Pocock et al 2016 Pocock et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-cc272a222f86e9d0e0712db7bd228dd5349d0a0588b7ff2eec217fa7ae1811203</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-cc272a222f86e9d0e0712db7bd228dd5349d0a0588b7ff2eec217fa7ae1811203</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161368/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161368/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27343,27923,27924,33773,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27992583$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Goldenberg, Shira M.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Pocock, Nicola S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiss, Ligia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oram, Sian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmerman, Cathy</creatorcontrib><title>Labour Trafficking among Men and Boys in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Exploitation, Violence, Occupational Health Risks and Injuries</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Men comprise nearly two-thirds of trafficked and forced labourers in common low-skilled labour sectors including fishing, agriculture and factory work. Yet, most evidence on human trafficking has focused on women and girls trafficked for sex work, with scant research on trafficked men and boys.
We analyse survey data from the largest systematic consecutive sample of trafficked people collected to date to describe the prevalence of violence, occupational health risks and injuries and associated factors. Participants were labour-trafficked men and boys using post-trafficking support services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Data are presented on 446 males aged 10-58. Men and boys were mainly trafficked for fishing (61.7%), manufacturing (19.1%) and begging (5.2%). Fishermen worked extensive hours (mean 18.8 hours/day, SD 5.9) and factory workers worked on average 11.9 hours/day (SD 2.9). 35.5% of male survivors had been injured while trafficked; 29.4% received no personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves). The most commonly reported injuries among all males were deep cuts (61.8%) and skin injuries (36.7%), injuries for which fewer than one-quarter reported receiving medical care. Six fishermen lost body parts, none of whom received medical care. Most males (80.5%) had no or very few rest breaks. One-third (37.8%) experienced severe violence. Work-related injuries were associated with severe violence (AOR 3.44, CI:1.63-7.26), being in the fishing sector, (AOR 4.12, CI:2.39-7.09) and threats (AOR 2.77, CI:1.62-4.75). Experiencing any violence was associated with threats (AOR 26.86, CI:14.0-51.23), being in the fishing sector (AOR 18.53, CI:8.74-39.28) and fluency in language of destination country (AOR 0.39, CI:0.20-0.75).
This study highlights the abuse and extreme occupational hazards suffered by trafficked men and boys. Occupational health and safety interventions are urgently needed to protect male migrant labourers working in high-risk sectors, particularly fishing.</description><subject>Abuse</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aggression</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Asia, Southeastern</subject><subject>Assaults</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body parts</subject><subject>Boys</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child Abuse - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Commercial fishing</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Domestic violence</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Evidence</subject><subject>Exploitation</subject><subject>Fishermen</subject><subject>Fishing</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Gloves</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Human smuggling</subject><subject>Human trafficking</subject><subject>Human Trafficking - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hygiene</subject><subject>Imprisonment</subject><subject>Industrial workers</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Internet</subject><subject>Kidnapping</subject><subject>Labor</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Mens health</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Migrant labor</subject><subject>Migrants</subject><subject>Murders & murder attempts</subject><subject>Occupational hazards</subject><subject>Occupational health</subject><subject>Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Occupational Injuries - classification</subject><subject>Occupational Injuries - epidemiology</subject><subject>Occupational safety</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Personal communication</subject><subject>Personal protective equipment</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Protective equipment</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Seafood</subject><subject>Sex industry</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Skin injuries</subject><subject>Slavery</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Support services</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Threats</subject><subject>Training</subject><subject>Violence</subject><subject>Work-related injuries</subject><subject>Workers</subject><subject>Workplace Violence - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pocock, Nicola S</au><au>Kiss, Ligia</au><au>Oram, Sian</au><au>Zimmerman, Cathy</au><au>Goldenberg, Shira M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Labour Trafficking among Men and Boys in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Exploitation, Violence, Occupational Health Risks and Injuries</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-12-16</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e0168500</spage><epage>e0168500</epage><pages>e0168500-e0168500</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Men comprise nearly two-thirds of trafficked and forced labourers in common low-skilled labour sectors including fishing, agriculture and factory work. Yet, most evidence on human trafficking has focused on women and girls trafficked for sex work, with scant research on trafficked men and boys.
We analyse survey data from the largest systematic consecutive sample of trafficked people collected to date to describe the prevalence of violence, occupational health risks and injuries and associated factors. Participants were labour-trafficked men and boys using post-trafficking support services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Data are presented on 446 males aged 10-58. Men and boys were mainly trafficked for fishing (61.7%), manufacturing (19.1%) and begging (5.2%). Fishermen worked extensive hours (mean 18.8 hours/day, SD 5.9) and factory workers worked on average 11.9 hours/day (SD 2.9). 35.5% of male survivors had been injured while trafficked; 29.4% received no personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves). The most commonly reported injuries among all males were deep cuts (61.8%) and skin injuries (36.7%), injuries for which fewer than one-quarter reported receiving medical care. Six fishermen lost body parts, none of whom received medical care. Most males (80.5%) had no or very few rest breaks. One-third (37.8%) experienced severe violence. Work-related injuries were associated with severe violence (AOR 3.44, CI:1.63-7.26), being in the fishing sector, (AOR 4.12, CI:2.39-7.09) and threats (AOR 2.77, CI:1.62-4.75). Experiencing any violence was associated with threats (AOR 26.86, CI:14.0-51.23), being in the fishing sector (AOR 18.53, CI:8.74-39.28) and fluency in language of destination country (AOR 0.39, CI:0.20-0.75).
This study highlights the abuse and extreme occupational hazards suffered by trafficked men and boys. Occupational health and safety interventions are urgently needed to protect male migrant labourers working in high-risk sectors, particularly fishing.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27992583</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0168500</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2016-12, Vol.11 (12), p.e0168500-e0168500 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1849689169 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Sociological Abstracts; Public Library of Science (PLoS); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Abuse Adolescent Adult Aggression Agriculture Asia, Southeastern Assaults Biology and Life Sciences Body parts Boys Child Child Abuse - statistics & numerical data Commercial fishing Data processing Domestic violence Evaluation Evidence Exploitation Fishermen Fishing Gender Girls Gloves Health care Health risk assessment Health risks Health services Human smuggling Human trafficking Human Trafficking - statistics & numerical data Humans Hygiene Imprisonment Industrial workers Injuries Internet Kidnapping Labor Male Males Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Men Mens health Mental health Middle Aged Migrant labor Migrants Murders & murder attempts Occupational hazards Occupational health Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data Occupational Injuries - classification Occupational Injuries - epidemiology Occupational safety People and Places Personal communication Personal protective equipment Prevalence Protective equipment Risk factors Seafood Sex industry Skin Skin injuries Slavery Social Sciences Support services Surveys and Questionnaires Threats Training Violence Work-related injuries Workers Workplace Violence - statistics & numerical data Young Adult |
| title | Labour Trafficking among Men and Boys in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Exploitation, Violence, Occupational Health Risks and Injuries |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-11T06%3A40%3A38IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Labour%20Trafficking%20among%20Men%20and%20Boys%20in%20the%20Greater%20Mekong%20Subregion:%20Exploitation,%20Violence,%20Occupational%20Health%20Risks%20and%20Injuries&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Pocock,%20Nicola%20S&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e0168500&rft.epage=e0168500&rft.pages=e0168500-e0168500&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168500&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA474078698%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1849689169&rft_id=info:pmid/27992583&rft_galeid=A474078698&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_994f534af8a241038cac14e2ef64ee78&rfr_iscdi=true |