Effect of CPPU on Carbohydrate and Endogenous Hormone Levels in Young Macadamia Fruit
N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is a highly active cytokinin-like plant growth regulator that promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis, cell division, and cell expansion. It also increases fruit set and accelerates fruit enlargement. However, there has been no report about the effect of CP...
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| creator | Zeng, Hui Yang, Weihai Lu, Chaozhong Lin, Wenqiu Zou, Minghong Zhang, Hanzhou Wan, Jifeng Huang, Xuming |
| description | N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is a highly active cytokinin-like plant growth regulator that promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis, cell division, and cell expansion. It also increases fruit set and accelerates fruit enlargement. However, there has been no report about the effect of CPPU on fruit development and its physiological mechanism in macadamia. In this study, we investigated the effect of CPPU treatment at early fruit development via foliar spray or raceme soaking at 20 mg·L-1 on fruit set and related physiology in macadamia. Changes in carbohydrate contents and endogenous hormones in leaves, bearing shoots and fruit were also examined. Results showed that CPPU significantly reduced young fruit drop and delayed the wave of fruit drop by 1-2 weeks. The treatment significantly decreased the contents of total soluble sugars and starch in the leaves, but increased them in the bearing shoots and total soluble sugars in the husk (pericarp) and seeds. These findings suggested that CPPU promoted carbohydrate mobilization from the leaves to the fruit. In addition, CPPU increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin acid (GA3), and zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) in the husk. Therefore, CPPU treatment reduced the early fruit drop by increasing carbohydrate availability and by modifying the balance among endogenous hormones. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0158705 |
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It also increases fruit set and accelerates fruit enlargement. However, there has been no report about the effect of CPPU on fruit development and its physiological mechanism in macadamia. In this study, we investigated the effect of CPPU treatment at early fruit development via foliar spray or raceme soaking at 20 mg·L-1 on fruit set and related physiology in macadamia. Changes in carbohydrate contents and endogenous hormones in leaves, bearing shoots and fruit were also examined. Results showed that CPPU significantly reduced young fruit drop and delayed the wave of fruit drop by 1-2 weeks. The treatment significantly decreased the contents of total soluble sugars and starch in the leaves, but increased them in the bearing shoots and total soluble sugars in the husk (pericarp) and seeds. These findings suggested that CPPU promoted carbohydrate mobilization from the leaves to the fruit. In addition, CPPU increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin acid (GA3), and zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) in the husk. Therefore, CPPU treatment reduced the early fruit drop by increasing carbohydrate availability and by modifying the balance among endogenous hormones.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158705</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27387814</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abscisic acid ; Abscisic Acid - metabolism ; Acetic acid ; Agriculture ; Biology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biosynthesis ; Carbohydrates ; Carbohydrates - chemistry ; Cell division ; Chlorophyll ; Crops ; Cytokinins - metabolism ; Endocrine disruptors ; Enlargement ; Enzymes ; Experiments ; Fruit - drug effects ; Fruit - metabolism ; Fruit set ; Fruits ; Gibberellins - metabolism ; Hormones ; Horticulture ; Indoleacetic acid ; Laboratories ; Leaves ; Macadamia ; Macadamia - drug effects ; Macadamia - metabolism ; Macadamia integrifolia ; Macadamia nuts ; Pericarp ; Phenylurea ; Physical Sciences ; Physiological aspects ; Physiological effects ; Physiology ; Plant growth ; Plant Growth Regulators - metabolism ; Plant hormones ; Plant Leaves - metabolism ; Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry ; Polyurethanes - chemistry ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Seeds ; Seeds - drug effects ; Shoots ; Starch ; Sugar ; Trees ; Zeatin ; Zeatin riboside</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-07, Vol.11 (7), p.e0158705-e0158705</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Zeng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2016 Zeng et al 2016 Zeng et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-258aacc54224ed95703b4875806034243371e948ac634e41a5abab04796b36d93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-258aacc54224ed95703b4875806034243371e948ac634e41a5abab04796b36d93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4936721/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4936721/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27387814$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Pang, Xiaoming</contributor><creatorcontrib>Zeng, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Weihai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lu, Chaozhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Wenqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Minghong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Hanzhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wan, Jifeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Xuming</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of CPPU on Carbohydrate and Endogenous Hormone Levels in Young Macadamia Fruit</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is a highly active cytokinin-like plant growth regulator that promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis, cell division, and cell expansion. 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In addition, CPPU increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin acid (GA3), and zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) in the husk. Therefore, CPPU treatment reduced the early fruit drop by increasing carbohydrate availability and by modifying the balance among endogenous hormones.</description><subject>Abscisic acid</subject><subject>Abscisic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Carbohydrates - chemistry</subject><subject>Cell division</subject><subject>Chlorophyll</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Cytokinins - metabolism</subject><subject>Endocrine disruptors</subject><subject>Enlargement</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Fruit - drug effects</subject><subject>Fruit - metabolism</subject><subject>Fruit set</subject><subject>Fruits</subject><subject>Gibberellins - metabolism</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Horticulture</subject><subject>Indoleacetic acid</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Macadamia</subject><subject>Macadamia - 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metabolism</topic><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Carbohydrates - chemistry</topic><topic>Cell division</topic><topic>Chlorophyll</topic><topic>Crops</topic><topic>Cytokinins - metabolism</topic><topic>Endocrine disruptors</topic><topic>Enlargement</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Fruit - drug effects</topic><topic>Fruit - metabolism</topic><topic>Fruit set</topic><topic>Fruits</topic><topic>Gibberellins - metabolism</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Horticulture</topic><topic>Indoleacetic acid</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Leaves</topic><topic>Macadamia</topic><topic>Macadamia - drug effects</topic><topic>Macadamia - metabolism</topic><topic>Macadamia integrifolia</topic><topic>Macadamia nuts</topic><topic>Pericarp</topic><topic>Phenylurea</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Physiological effects</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Plant Growth Regulators - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zeng, Hui</au><au>Yang, Weihai</au><au>Lu, Chaozhong</au><au>Lin, Wenqiu</au><au>Zou, Minghong</au><au>Zhang, Hanzhou</au><au>Wan, Jifeng</au><au>Huang, Xuming</au><au>Pang, Xiaoming</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of CPPU on Carbohydrate and Endogenous Hormone Levels in Young Macadamia Fruit</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-07-07</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0158705</spage><epage>e0158705</epage><pages>e0158705-e0158705</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is a highly active cytokinin-like plant growth regulator that promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis, cell division, and cell expansion. It also increases fruit set and accelerates fruit enlargement. However, there has been no report about the effect of CPPU on fruit development and its physiological mechanism in macadamia. In this study, we investigated the effect of CPPU treatment at early fruit development via foliar spray or raceme soaking at 20 mg·L-1 on fruit set and related physiology in macadamia. Changes in carbohydrate contents and endogenous hormones in leaves, bearing shoots and fruit were also examined. Results showed that CPPU significantly reduced young fruit drop and delayed the wave of fruit drop by 1-2 weeks. The treatment significantly decreased the contents of total soluble sugars and starch in the leaves, but increased them in the bearing shoots and total soluble sugars in the husk (pericarp) and seeds. These findings suggested that CPPU promoted carbohydrate mobilization from the leaves to the fruit. In addition, CPPU increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin acid (GA3), and zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) in the husk. Therefore, CPPU treatment reduced the early fruit drop by increasing carbohydrate availability and by modifying the balance among endogenous hormones.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27387814</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0158705</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2016-07, Vol.11 (7), p.e0158705-e0158705 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1814893281 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Abscisic acid Abscisic Acid - metabolism Acetic acid Agriculture Biology Biology and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - chemistry Cell division Chlorophyll Crops Cytokinins - metabolism Endocrine disruptors Enlargement Enzymes Experiments Fruit - drug effects Fruit - metabolism Fruit set Fruits Gibberellins - metabolism Hormones Horticulture Indoleacetic acid Laboratories Leaves Macadamia Macadamia - drug effects Macadamia - metabolism Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia nuts Pericarp Phenylurea Physical Sciences Physiological aspects Physiological effects Physiology Plant growth Plant Growth Regulators - metabolism Plant hormones Plant Leaves - metabolism Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry Polyurethanes - chemistry Research and Analysis Methods Seeds Seeds - drug effects Shoots Starch Sugar Trees Zeatin Zeatin riboside |
| title | Effect of CPPU on Carbohydrate and Endogenous Hormone Levels in Young Macadamia Fruit |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-02T16%3A14%3A11IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect%20of%20CPPU%20on%20Carbohydrate%20and%20Endogenous%20Hormone%20Levels%20in%20Young%20Macadamia%20Fruit&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Zeng,%20Hui&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e0158705&rft.epage=e0158705&rft.pages=e0158705-e0158705&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158705&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA457284316%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1814893281&rft_id=info:pmid/27387814&rft_galeid=A457284316&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_2c4841b52de34cb9be77f458dd35f162&rfr_iscdi=true |