Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire
Handheld light microscopy using compact optics and mobile phones may improve the quality of health care in resource-constrained settings by enabling access to prompt and accurate diagnosis. Laboratory technicians were trained to operate two handheld diagnostic devices (Newton Nm1 microscope and a cl...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0004768-e0004768 |
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| creator | Coulibaly, Jean T Ouattara, Mamadou D'Ambrosio, Michael V Fletcher, Daniel A Keiser, Jennifer Utzinger, Jürg N'Goran, Eliézer K Andrews, Jason R Bogoch, Isaac I |
| description | Handheld light microscopy using compact optics and mobile phones may improve the quality of health care in resource-constrained settings by enabling access to prompt and accurate diagnosis.
Laboratory technicians were trained to operate two handheld diagnostic devices (Newton Nm1 microscope and a clip-on version of the mobile phone-based CellScope). The accuracy of these devices was compared to conventional light microscopy for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and intestinal protozoa infection in a community-based survey in rural Côte d'Ivoire. One slide of 10 ml filtered urine and a single Kato-Katz thick smear from 226 individuals were subjected to the Newton Nm1 microscope and CellScope for detection of Schistosoma eggs and compared to conventional microscopy. Additionally, 121 sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF)-fixed stool samples were examined by the Newton Nm1 microscope and compared to conventional microscopy for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa.
The prevalence of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, as determined by conventional microscopy, was 39.8%, 5.3%, 20.7%, and 4.9%, respectively. The Newton Nm1 microscope had diagnostic sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection of 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8-99.6%) and 81.1% (95% CI 71.2-88.3%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 97.1% (95% CI 92.2-99.1%), respectively. The CellScope demonstrated sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium of 50.0% (95% CI 25.4-74.6%) and 35.6% (95% CI 25.9-46.4%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 100% (95% CI 86.7-100%), respectively. For G. intestinalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar, the Newton Nm1 microscope had sensitivity of 84.0% (95% CI 63.1-94.7%) and 83.3% (95% CI 36.5-99.1%), respectively, and 100% specificity.
Handheld diagnostic devices can be employed in community-based surveys in resource-constrained settings after minimal training of laboratory technicians to diagnose intestinal parasites. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768 |
| format | Article |
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Laboratory technicians were trained to operate two handheld diagnostic devices (Newton Nm1 microscope and a clip-on version of the mobile phone-based CellScope). The accuracy of these devices was compared to conventional light microscopy for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and intestinal protozoa infection in a community-based survey in rural Côte d'Ivoire. One slide of 10 ml filtered urine and a single Kato-Katz thick smear from 226 individuals were subjected to the Newton Nm1 microscope and CellScope for detection of Schistosoma eggs and compared to conventional microscopy. Additionally, 121 sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF)-fixed stool samples were examined by the Newton Nm1 microscope and compared to conventional microscopy for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa.
The prevalence of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, as determined by conventional microscopy, was 39.8%, 5.3%, 20.7%, and 4.9%, respectively. The Newton Nm1 microscope had diagnostic sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection of 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8-99.6%) and 81.1% (95% CI 71.2-88.3%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 97.1% (95% CI 92.2-99.1%), respectively. The CellScope demonstrated sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium of 50.0% (95% CI 25.4-74.6%) and 35.6% (95% CI 25.9-46.4%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 100% (95% CI 86.7-100%), respectively. For G. intestinalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar, the Newton Nm1 microscope had sensitivity of 84.0% (95% CI 63.1-94.7%) and 83.3% (95% CI 36.5-99.1%), respectively, and 100% specificity.
Handheld diagnostic devices can be employed in community-based surveys in resource-constrained settings after minimal training of laboratory technicians to diagnose intestinal parasites.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27348755</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cell Phone ; Cellular telephones ; Confidence intervals ; Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology ; Eggs ; Engineering and Technology ; Health care ; Health surveillance ; Humans ; Infections ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - diagnosis ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology ; Laboratories ; Light ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Microscopy ; Microscopy - instrumentation ; Microscopy - methods ; Mortality ; People and Places ; Protozoan Infections - diagnosis ; Protozoan Infections - epidemiology ; Protozoan Infections - parasitology ; Public health ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Schistosoma haematobium - isolation & purification ; Schistosoma mansoni - isolation & purification ; Schistosomiasis - diagnosis ; Schistosomiasis - epidemiology ; Schistosomiasis - parasitology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Soil - parasitology ; Studies ; Tropical diseases ; Urine</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0004768-e0004768</ispartof><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Utzinger J, et al. (2016) Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(6): e0004768. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768</rights><rights>2016 Coulibaly et al 2016 Coulibaly et al</rights><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Coulibaly JT, Ouattara M, D'Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Keiser J, Utzinger J, et al. (2016) Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(6): e0004768. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-cce7ca124a851cd619d22aaa6b095aa54733d4c2aac2954b74466bc6dfeea9e93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-cce7ca124a851cd619d22aaa6b095aa54733d4c2aac2954b74466bc6dfeea9e93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4922625/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4922625/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348755$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Coulibaly, Jean T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouattara, Mamadou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'Ambrosio, Michael V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fletcher, Daniel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keiser, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Utzinger, Jürg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>N'Goran, Eliézer K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andrews, Jason R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bogoch, Isaac I</creatorcontrib><title>Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>Handheld light microscopy using compact optics and mobile phones may improve the quality of health care in resource-constrained settings by enabling access to prompt and accurate diagnosis.
Laboratory technicians were trained to operate two handheld diagnostic devices (Newton Nm1 microscope and a clip-on version of the mobile phone-based CellScope). The accuracy of these devices was compared to conventional light microscopy for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and intestinal protozoa infection in a community-based survey in rural Côte d'Ivoire. One slide of 10 ml filtered urine and a single Kato-Katz thick smear from 226 individuals were subjected to the Newton Nm1 microscope and CellScope for detection of Schistosoma eggs and compared to conventional microscopy. Additionally, 121 sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF)-fixed stool samples were examined by the Newton Nm1 microscope and compared to conventional microscopy for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa.
The prevalence of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, as determined by conventional microscopy, was 39.8%, 5.3%, 20.7%, and 4.9%, respectively. The Newton Nm1 microscope had diagnostic sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection of 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8-99.6%) and 81.1% (95% CI 71.2-88.3%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 97.1% (95% CI 92.2-99.1%), respectively. The CellScope demonstrated sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium of 50.0% (95% CI 25.4-74.6%) and 35.6% (95% CI 25.9-46.4%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 100% (95% CI 86.7-100%), respectively. For G. intestinalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar, the Newton Nm1 microscope had sensitivity of 84.0% (95% CI 63.1-94.7%) and 83.3% (95% CI 36.5-99.1%), respectively, and 100% specificity.
Handheld diagnostic devices can be employed in community-based surveys in resource-constrained settings after minimal training of laboratory technicians to diagnose intestinal parasites.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cell Phone</subject><subject>Cellular telephones</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health surveillance</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - diagnosis</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Microscopy - instrumentation</subject><subject>Microscopy - methods</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections - parasitology</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Schistosoma haematobium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Schistosoma mansoni - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Schistosomiasis - diagnosis</subject><subject>Schistosomiasis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Schistosomiasis - parasitology</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Soil - parasitology</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Urine</subject><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><issn>1935-2735</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUt1u0zAYjRCIjcIbILDEBdy02I6dxDdIU_lZpU5MAq6tL47TuErzdbY7qTwFD8Mb8GI4azdtiBvbOj7nfN9nnyx7yeiM5SV7v8adH6CfbYfYzCiloiyqR9kpU7mc8jKXj--dT7JnIawplUpW7Gl2kjBRlVKeZr_OjNl5MHuCLbnA2vWWXHY4WAJDQ87T0tm-IUu36iK5cMZjMLjdkxY9iZ0lHx2sBgwujPpvpnMhYsCNgxEaLRZDtCG61Cm59BjxJ0LCWmuiwyEQN5D5n9_Rkubt4hqdt8-zJy30wb447pPsx-dP3-fn0-XXL4v52XJqJC_i1BhbGmBcQCWZaQqmGs4BoKipkgBSlHneCJMgw5UUdSlEUdSmaFprQVmVT7LXB99tj0EfHzNoVtGkpTLJJ9niwGgQ1nrr3Qb8XiM4fQOgX2nw0ZnealYrroApY-pK5MyoFngqWLaFakVB6-T14VhtV29sY-wQPfQPTB_eDK7TK7zWQnFecJkM3h0NPF7t0ovqjQvG9j0MFnc3fVNBc85Eor75h_r_6cSBNX5p8La9a4ZRPQbsVqXHgOljwJLs1f1B7kS3icr_Auem0fw</recordid><startdate>20160601</startdate><enddate>20160601</enddate><creator>Coulibaly, Jean T</creator><creator>Ouattara, Mamadou</creator><creator>D'Ambrosio, Michael V</creator><creator>Fletcher, Daniel A</creator><creator>Keiser, Jennifer</creator><creator>Utzinger, Jürg</creator><creator>N'Goran, Eliézer K</creator><creator>Andrews, Jason R</creator><creator>Bogoch, Isaac I</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160601</creationdate><title>Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire</title><author>Coulibaly, Jean T ; Ouattara, Mamadou ; D'Ambrosio, Michael V ; Fletcher, Daniel A ; Keiser, Jennifer ; Utzinger, Jürg ; N'Goran, Eliézer K ; Andrews, Jason R ; Bogoch, Isaac I</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-cce7ca124a851cd619d22aaa6b095aa54733d4c2aac2954b74466bc6dfeea9e93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cell Phone</topic><topic>Cellular telephones</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology</topic><topic>Eggs</topic><topic>Engineering and Technology</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Health surveillance</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - diagnosis</topic><topic>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Microscopy - instrumentation</topic><topic>Microscopy - methods</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Protozoan Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>Protozoan Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>Protozoan Infections - parasitology</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Schistosoma haematobium - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Schistosoma mansoni - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Schistosomiasis - diagnosis</topic><topic>Schistosomiasis - epidemiology</topic><topic>Schistosomiasis - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Coulibaly, Jean T</au><au>Ouattara, Mamadou</au><au>D'Ambrosio, Michael V</au><au>Fletcher, Daniel A</au><au>Keiser, Jennifer</au><au>Utzinger, Jürg</au><au>N'Goran, Eliézer K</au><au>Andrews, Jason R</au><au>Bogoch, Isaac I</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2016-06-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0004768</spage><epage>e0004768</epage><pages>e0004768-e0004768</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>Handheld light microscopy using compact optics and mobile phones may improve the quality of health care in resource-constrained settings by enabling access to prompt and accurate diagnosis.
Laboratory technicians were trained to operate two handheld diagnostic devices (Newton Nm1 microscope and a clip-on version of the mobile phone-based CellScope). The accuracy of these devices was compared to conventional light microscopy for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and intestinal protozoa infection in a community-based survey in rural Côte d'Ivoire. One slide of 10 ml filtered urine and a single Kato-Katz thick smear from 226 individuals were subjected to the Newton Nm1 microscope and CellScope for detection of Schistosoma eggs and compared to conventional microscopy. Additionally, 121 sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF)-fixed stool samples were examined by the Newton Nm1 microscope and compared to conventional microscopy for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa.
The prevalence of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, as determined by conventional microscopy, was 39.8%, 5.3%, 20.7%, and 4.9%, respectively. The Newton Nm1 microscope had diagnostic sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection of 91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8-99.6%) and 81.1% (95% CI 71.2-88.3%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 97.1% (95% CI 92.2-99.1%), respectively. The CellScope demonstrated sensitivities for S. mansoni and S. haematobium of 50.0% (95% CI 25.4-74.6%) and 35.6% (95% CI 25.9-46.4%), respectively, and specificities of 99.5% (95% CI 97.0-100%) and 100% (95% CI 86.7-100%), respectively. For G. intestinalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar, the Newton Nm1 microscope had sensitivity of 84.0% (95% CI 63.1-94.7%) and 83.3% (95% CI 36.5-99.1%), respectively, and 100% specificity.
Handheld diagnostic devices can be employed in community-based surveys in resource-constrained settings after minimal training of laboratory technicians to diagnose intestinal parasites.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27348755</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1935-2735 |
| ispartof | PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0004768-e0004768 |
| issn | 1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1805470573 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Accuracy Animals Biology and Life Sciences Cell Phone Cellular telephones Confidence intervals Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology Eggs Engineering and Technology Health care Health surveillance Humans Infections Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - diagnosis Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology Laboratories Light Medicine and Health Sciences Microscopy Microscopy - instrumentation Microscopy - methods Mortality People and Places Protozoan Infections - diagnosis Protozoan Infections - epidemiology Protozoan Infections - parasitology Public health Research and Analysis Methods Schistosoma haematobium - isolation & purification Schistosoma mansoni - isolation & purification Schistosomiasis - diagnosis Schistosomiasis - epidemiology Schistosomiasis - parasitology Sensitivity and Specificity Soil - parasitology Studies Tropical diseases Urine |
| title | Accuracy of Mobile Phone and Handheld Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Protozoa Infections in Côte d'Ivoire |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-12T10%3A32%3A26IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Accuracy%20of%20Mobile%20Phone%20and%20Handheld%20Light%20Microscopy%20for%20the%20Diagnosis%20of%20Schistosomiasis%20and%20Intestinal%20Protozoa%20Infections%20in%20C%C3%B4te%20d'Ivoire&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20neglected%20tropical%20diseases&rft.au=Coulibaly,%20Jean%20T&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=e0004768&rft.epage=e0004768&rft.pages=e0004768-e0004768&rft.issn=1935-2735&rft.eissn=1935-2735&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004768&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E1800403214%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1805470573&rft_id=info:pmid/27348755&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_1b929a19ccb8431c9fa24467f69f460b&rfr_iscdi=true |