Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in Anopheles albimanus
Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors, potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature. Development of a malaria TB vaccine requires a better understanding of the mechanisms and main effect...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0004807 |
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| description | Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors, potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature. Development of a malaria TB vaccine requires a better understanding of the mechanisms and main effectors responsible for transmission blocking (TB) responses. The lack of an in vitro culture system for Plasmodium vivax has been an important drawback for development of a standardized method to assess TB responses to this parasite. This study evaluated host, vector, and parasite factors that may influence Anopheles mosquito infection in order to develop an efficient and reliable assay to assess the TB immunity.
A total of 94 P. vivax infected patients were enrolled as parasite donors or subjects of direct mosquito feeding in two malaria endemic regions of Colombia (Tierralta, and Buenaventura). Parasite infectiousness was assessed by membrane feeding assay or direct feeding assay using laboratory reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection was measured by qPCR and by microscopically examining mosquito midguts at day 7 for the presence of oocysts. Best infectivity was attained in four day old mosquitoes fed at a density of 100 mosquitos/cage. Membrane feeding assays produced statistically significant better infections than direct feeding assays in parasite donors; cytokine profiles showed increased IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1 levels in non-infectious individuals. Mosquito infections and parasite maturation were more reliably assessed by PCR compared to microscopy.
We evaluated mosquito, parasite and host factors that may affect the outcome of parasite transmission as measured by artificial membrane feeding assays. Results have led us to conclude that: 1) optimal mosquito infectivity occurs with mosquitoes four days after emergence at a cage density of 100; 2) mosquito infectivity is best quantified by PCR as it may be underestimated by microscopy; 3) host cellular immune response did not appear to significantly affect mosquito infectivity; and 4) no statistically significant difference was observed in transmission between mosquitoes directly feeding on humans and artificial membrane feeding assays. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004807 |
| format | Article |
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A total of 94 P. vivax infected patients were enrolled as parasite donors or subjects of direct mosquito feeding in two malaria endemic regions of Colombia (Tierralta, and Buenaventura). Parasite infectiousness was assessed by membrane feeding assay or direct feeding assay using laboratory reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection was measured by qPCR and by microscopically examining mosquito midguts at day 7 for the presence of oocysts. Best infectivity was attained in four day old mosquitoes fed at a density of 100 mosquitos/cage. Membrane feeding assays produced statistically significant better infections than direct feeding assays in parasite donors; cytokine profiles showed increased IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1 levels in non-infectious individuals. Mosquito infections and parasite maturation were more reliably assessed by PCR compared to microscopy.
We evaluated mosquito, parasite and host factors that may affect the outcome of parasite transmission as measured by artificial membrane feeding assays. Results have led us to conclude that: 1) optimal mosquito infectivity occurs with mosquitoes four days after emergence at a cage density of 100; 2) mosquito infectivity is best quantified by PCR as it may be underestimated by microscopy; 3) host cellular immune response did not appear to significantly affect mosquito infectivity; and 4) no statistically significant difference was observed in transmission between mosquitoes directly feeding on humans and artificial membrane feeding assays.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004807</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27355210</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis ; Animals ; Anopheles - parasitology ; Anopheles - physiology ; Anopheles albimanus ; Aquatic insects ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Care and treatment ; Cytokines ; Disease transmission ; Feeding ; Feeding Behavior - physiology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Immune response ; Infections ; Laboratories ; Malaria ; Malaria, Vivax - parasitology ; Malaria, Vivax - transmission ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Membranes ; Membranes, Artificial ; Microscopy ; Middle Aged ; Mosquito Vectors - parasitology ; Mosquito Vectors - physiology ; Mosquitoes ; Oocysts ; Optimization ; Parasites ; Plasmodium vivax ; Plasmodium vivax - physiology ; Risk factors ; Tropical diseases ; Tuberculosis ; Vector-borne diseases ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0004807</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(6): e0004807. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004807</rights><rights>2016 Vallejo et al 2016 Vallejo et al</rights><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(6): e0004807. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004807</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c774t-dd45e193d551f67f4d524ef9a576ce26d58710a7d1a8bbbc68fc8bde627be9033</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c774t-dd45e193d551f67f4d524ef9a576ce26d58710a7d1a8bbbc68fc8bde627be9033</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927173/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927173/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27355210$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Pimenta, Paulo Filemon</contributor><creatorcontrib>Vallejo, Andrés F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rubiano, Kelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amado, Andres</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krystosik, Amy R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herrera, Sócrates</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arévalo-Herrera, Myriam</creatorcontrib><title>Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in Anopheles albimanus</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors, potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature. Development of a malaria TB vaccine requires a better understanding of the mechanisms and main effectors responsible for transmission blocking (TB) responses. The lack of an in vitro culture system for Plasmodium vivax has been an important drawback for development of a standardized method to assess TB responses to this parasite. This study evaluated host, vector, and parasite factors that may influence Anopheles mosquito infection in order to develop an efficient and reliable assay to assess the TB immunity.
A total of 94 P. vivax infected patients were enrolled as parasite donors or subjects of direct mosquito feeding in two malaria endemic regions of Colombia (Tierralta, and Buenaventura). Parasite infectiousness was assessed by membrane feeding assay or direct feeding assay using laboratory reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection was measured by qPCR and by microscopically examining mosquito midguts at day 7 for the presence of oocysts. Best infectivity was attained in four day old mosquitoes fed at a density of 100 mosquitos/cage. Membrane feeding assays produced statistically significant better infections than direct feeding assays in parasite donors; cytokine profiles showed increased IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1 levels in non-infectious individuals. Mosquito infections and parasite maturation were more reliably assessed by PCR compared to microscopy.
We evaluated mosquito, parasite and host factors that may affect the outcome of parasite transmission as measured by artificial membrane feeding assays. Results have led us to conclude that: 1) optimal mosquito infectivity occurs with mosquitoes four days after emergence at a cage density of 100; 2) mosquito infectivity is best quantified by PCR as it may be underestimated by microscopy; 3) host cellular immune response did not appear to significantly affect mosquito infectivity; and 4) no statistically significant difference was observed in transmission between mosquitoes directly feeding on humans and artificial membrane feeding assays.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anopheles - parasitology</subject><subject>Anopheles - physiology</subject><subject>Anopheles albimanus</subject><subject>Aquatic insects</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Feeding</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Host-Parasite Interactions</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria, Vivax - 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parasitology</topic><topic>Anopheles - physiology</topic><topic>Anopheles albimanus</topic><topic>Aquatic insects</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Feeding</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Host-Parasite Interactions</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Malaria</topic><topic>Malaria, Vivax - parasitology</topic><topic>Malaria, Vivax - transmission</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Membranes</topic><topic>Membranes, Artificial</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mosquito Vectors - parasitology</topic><topic>Mosquito Vectors - physiology</topic><topic>Mosquitoes</topic><topic>Oocysts</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Plasmodium vivax</topic><topic>Plasmodium vivax - 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Academic</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vallejo, Andrés F</au><au>Rubiano, Kelly</au><au>Amado, Andres</au><au>Krystosik, Amy R</au><au>Herrera, Sócrates</au><au>Arévalo-Herrera, Myriam</au><au>Pimenta, Paulo Filemon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in Anopheles albimanus</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2016-06-29</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0004807</spage><pages>e0004807-</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors, potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature. 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A total of 94 P. vivax infected patients were enrolled as parasite donors or subjects of direct mosquito feeding in two malaria endemic regions of Colombia (Tierralta, and Buenaventura). Parasite infectiousness was assessed by membrane feeding assay or direct feeding assay using laboratory reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection was measured by qPCR and by microscopically examining mosquito midguts at day 7 for the presence of oocysts. Best infectivity was attained in four day old mosquitoes fed at a density of 100 mosquitos/cage. Membrane feeding assays produced statistically significant better infections than direct feeding assays in parasite donors; cytokine profiles showed increased IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1 levels in non-infectious individuals. Mosquito infections and parasite maturation were more reliably assessed by PCR compared to microscopy.
We evaluated mosquito, parasite and host factors that may affect the outcome of parasite transmission as measured by artificial membrane feeding assays. Results have led us to conclude that: 1) optimal mosquito infectivity occurs with mosquitoes four days after emergence at a cage density of 100; 2) mosquito infectivity is best quantified by PCR as it may be underestimated by microscopy; 3) host cellular immune response did not appear to significantly affect mosquito infectivity; and 4) no statistically significant difference was observed in transmission between mosquitoes directly feeding on humans and artificial membrane feeding assays.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27355210</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0004807</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Analysis Animals Anopheles - parasitology Anopheles - physiology Anopheles albimanus Aquatic insects Biology and Life Sciences Care and treatment Cytokines Disease transmission Feeding Feeding Behavior - physiology Female Host-Parasite Interactions Humans Immune response Infections Laboratories Malaria Malaria, Vivax - parasitology Malaria, Vivax - transmission Male Medicine and Health Sciences Membranes Membranes, Artificial Microscopy Middle Aged Mosquito Vectors - parasitology Mosquito Vectors - physiology Mosquitoes Oocysts Optimization Parasites Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium vivax - physiology Risk factors Tropical diseases Tuberculosis Vector-borne diseases Young Adult |
| title | Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in Anopheles albimanus |
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