The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities
Urbanization results in habitat loss and habitat fragmentation concurrently, both influencing biodiversity and ecological processes. To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (HLHF) during urbanization. The object...
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| description | Urbanization results in habitat loss and habitat fragmentation concurrently, both influencing biodiversity and ecological processes. To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (HLHF) during urbanization. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to quantify the different forms of the HLHF relationship during urbanization using multiple landscape metrics, and 2) to test the validity of the HLHF relations reported in the literature. Our analysis was based on a long-term urbanization dataset (1800-2000) of 16 large cities from around the world. Habitat area was represented as the percentage of non-built-up area in the landscape, while habitat fragmentation was measured using several landscape metrics. Our results show that the relationship between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation during urbanization is commonly monotonic-linear, exponential, or logarithmic, indicating that the degree of habitat fragmentation per se increases with habitat loss in general. We compared our results with 14 hypothesized HLHF relationships based on simulated landscapes found in the literature, and found that four of them were consistent with those of urbanization, whereas the other ten were not. Also, we identified six new HLHF relationships when fragmentation was measured by total core area, normalized total core area, patch density, edge density and landscape shape index, respectively. In addition, our study demonstrated that the "space-for-time" approach, frequently used in ecology and geography, generated specious HLHF relationships, suggesting that this approach is largely inappropriate for analyses of urban landscapes that are highly heterogeneous in space and unusually contingent in dynamics. Our results show both generalities and idiosyncrasies of the HLHF relationship, providing new insights for assessing ecological effects of urbanization. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0154613 |
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To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (HLHF) during urbanization. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to quantify the different forms of the HLHF relationship during urbanization using multiple landscape metrics, and 2) to test the validity of the HLHF relations reported in the literature. Our analysis was based on a long-term urbanization dataset (1800-2000) of 16 large cities from around the world. Habitat area was represented as the percentage of non-built-up area in the landscape, while habitat fragmentation was measured using several landscape metrics. Our results show that the relationship between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation during urbanization is commonly monotonic-linear, exponential, or logarithmic, indicating that the degree of habitat fragmentation per se increases with habitat loss in general. We compared our results with 14 hypothesized HLHF relationships based on simulated landscapes found in the literature, and found that four of them were consistent with those of urbanization, whereas the other ten were not. Also, we identified six new HLHF relationships when fragmentation was measured by total core area, normalized total core area, patch density, edge density and landscape shape index, respectively. In addition, our study demonstrated that the "space-for-time" approach, frequently used in ecology and geography, generated specious HLHF relationships, suggesting that this approach is largely inappropriate for analyses of urban landscapes that are highly heterogeneous in space and unusually contingent in dynamics. Our results show both generalities and idiosyncrasies of the HLHF relationship, providing new insights for assessing ecological effects of urbanization.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154613</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27124180</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Causes of ; Central business districts ; Cities ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Ecological effects ; Ecological monitoring ; Ecology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Ecosystem ; Ecosystems ; Empirical analysis ; Environmental aspects ; Evaluation ; Fragmentation ; Geography ; Grasslands ; Habitat destruction ; Habitat fragmentation ; Habitat loss ; Habitats ; Humans ; Influence ; Laboratories ; Landscape ; Landscape ecology ; Physical Sciences ; Population ; Population Dynamics ; Remote sensing ; Studies ; Sustainability ; Time series ; Urban environments ; Urban planning ; Urbanization</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-04, Vol.11 (4), p.e0154613-e0154613</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (HLHF) during urbanization. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to quantify the different forms of the HLHF relationship during urbanization using multiple landscape metrics, and 2) to test the validity of the HLHF relations reported in the literature. Our analysis was based on a long-term urbanization dataset (1800-2000) of 16 large cities from around the world. Habitat area was represented as the percentage of non-built-up area in the landscape, while habitat fragmentation was measured using several landscape metrics. Our results show that the relationship between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation during urbanization is commonly monotonic-linear, exponential, or logarithmic, indicating that the degree of habitat fragmentation per se increases with habitat loss in general. We compared our results with 14 hypothesized HLHF relationships based on simulated landscapes found in the literature, and found that four of them were consistent with those of urbanization, whereas the other ten were not. Also, we identified six new HLHF relationships when fragmentation was measured by total core area, normalized total core area, patch density, edge density and landscape shape index, respectively. In addition, our study demonstrated that the "space-for-time" approach, frequently used in ecology and geography, generated specious HLHF relationships, suggesting that this approach is largely inappropriate for analyses of urban landscapes that are highly heterogeneous in space and unusually contingent in dynamics. Our results show both generalities and idiosyncrasies of the HLHF relationship, providing new insights for assessing ecological effects of urbanization.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Causes of</subject><subject>Central business districts</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Ecological effects</subject><subject>Ecological monitoring</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Empirical analysis</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Fragmentation</subject><subject>Geography</subject><subject>Grasslands</subject><subject>Habitat destruction</subject><subject>Habitat fragmentation</subject><subject>Habitat 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Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities</title><author>Liu, Zhifeng ; He, Chunyang ; Wu, Jianguo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-624c48aeb969ada113b6e42a8974ac963e2e5c8d15a18ce3219a3a6459ecd0c13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Causes of</topic><topic>Central business districts</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Computer and Information Sciences</topic><topic>Ecological effects</topic><topic>Ecological monitoring</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>Empirical analysis</topic><topic>Environmental 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Cities</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-04-28</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0154613</spage><epage>e0154613</epage><pages>e0154613-e0154613</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Urbanization results in habitat loss and habitat fragmentation concurrently, both influencing biodiversity and ecological processes. To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se (HLHF) during urbanization. The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to quantify the different forms of the HLHF relationship during urbanization using multiple landscape metrics, and 2) to test the validity of the HLHF relations reported in the literature. Our analysis was based on a long-term urbanization dataset (1800-2000) of 16 large cities from around the world. Habitat area was represented as the percentage of non-built-up area in the landscape, while habitat fragmentation was measured using several landscape metrics. Our results show that the relationship between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation during urbanization is commonly monotonic-linear, exponential, or logarithmic, indicating that the degree of habitat fragmentation per se increases with habitat loss in general. We compared our results with 14 hypothesized HLHF relationships based on simulated landscapes found in the literature, and found that four of them were consistent with those of urbanization, whereas the other ten were not. Also, we identified six new HLHF relationships when fragmentation was measured by total core area, normalized total core area, patch density, edge density and landscape shape index, respectively. In addition, our study demonstrated that the "space-for-time" approach, frequently used in ecology and geography, generated specious HLHF relationships, suggesting that this approach is largely inappropriate for analyses of urban landscapes that are highly heterogeneous in space and unusually contingent in dynamics. Our results show both generalities and idiosyncrasies of the HLHF relationship, providing new insights for assessing ecological effects of urbanization.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27124180</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0154613</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Biodiversity Biology and Life Sciences Causes of Central business districts Cities Computer and Information Sciences Ecological effects Ecological monitoring Ecology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystem Ecosystems Empirical analysis Environmental aspects Evaluation Fragmentation Geography Grasslands Habitat destruction Habitat fragmentation Habitat loss Habitats Humans Influence Laboratories Landscape Landscape ecology Physical Sciences Population Population Dynamics Remote sensing Studies Sustainability Time series Urban environments Urban planning Urbanization |
| title | The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities |
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