School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia
It is thought that improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) might reduce the transmission of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths, owing to their life cycles. However, few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites. In the 201...
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| creator | Grimes, Jack E T Tadesse, Gemechu Mekete, Kalkidan Wuletaw, Yonas Gebretsadik, Abeba French, Michael D Harrison, Wendy E Drake, Lesley J Gardiner, Iain A Yard, Elodie Templeton, Michael R |
| description | It is thought that improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) might reduce the transmission of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths, owing to their life cycles. However, few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites.
In the 2013-2014 Ethiopian national mapping of infections with these parasites, school WASH was assessed alongside infection intensity in children, mostly between 10 and 15 years of age. Scores were constructed reflecting exposure to schistosomes arising from water collection for schools, from freshwater sources, and the adequacy of school sanitation and hygiene facilities. Kendall's τb was used to test the WASH scores against the school-level arithmetic mean intensity of infection with each parasite, in schools with at least one child positive for the parasite in question. WASH and parasitology data were available for 1,645 schools. More frequent collection of water for schools, from open freshwater sources was associated with statistically significantly higher Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity (Kendall's τb = 0.097, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.011 to 0.18), better sanitation was associated with significantly lower Ascaris lumbricoides intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.067, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.023) and borderline significant lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.090 to 0.012, P = 0.067), and better hygiene was associated with significantly lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.076, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.020). However, no significant differences were observed when comparing sanitation and infection with S. mansoni or Trichuris trichiura, or hygiene and infection with A. lumbricoides or T. trichiura.
Improving school WASH may reduce transmission of these parasites. However, different forms of WASH appear to have different effects on infection with the various parasites, with our analysis finding the strongest associations between water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515 |
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In the 2013-2014 Ethiopian national mapping of infections with these parasites, school WASH was assessed alongside infection intensity in children, mostly between 10 and 15 years of age. Scores were constructed reflecting exposure to schistosomes arising from water collection for schools, from freshwater sources, and the adequacy of school sanitation and hygiene facilities. Kendall's τb was used to test the WASH scores against the school-level arithmetic mean intensity of infection with each parasite, in schools with at least one child positive for the parasite in question. WASH and parasitology data were available for 1,645 schools. More frequent collection of water for schools, from open freshwater sources was associated with statistically significantly higher Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity (Kendall's τb = 0.097, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.011 to 0.18), better sanitation was associated with significantly lower Ascaris lumbricoides intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.067, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.023) and borderline significant lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.090 to 0.012, P = 0.067), and better hygiene was associated with significantly lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.076, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.020). However, no significant differences were observed when comparing sanitation and infection with S. mansoni or Trichuris trichiura, or hygiene and infection with A. lumbricoides or T. trichiura.
Improving school WASH may reduce transmission of these parasites. However, different forms of WASH appear to have different effects on infection with the various parasites, with our analysis finding the strongest associations between water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26954688</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Child ; Child health ; Children & youth ; Communicable Disease Control - methods ; Confidence intervals ; Data collection ; Education ; Ethiopia - epidemiology ; Female ; Funding ; Health Services Research ; Helminthiasis - epidemiology ; Helminthiasis - prevention & control ; Helminths - classification ; Helminths - isolation & purification ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Infections ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - prevention & control ; Male ; Management ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Parasites ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Sanitation - methods ; Schistosoma ; Schools ; Social Sciences ; Studies ; Tropical diseases ; Water - parasitology ; Water quality management</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0004515-e0004515</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Grimes JET, Tadesse G, Mekete K, Wuletaw Y, Gebretsadik A, French MD, et al. (2016) School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(3): e0004515. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515</rights><rights>2016 Grimes et al 2016 Grimes et al</rights><rights>2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Grimes JET, Tadesse G, Mekete K, Wuletaw Y, Gebretsadik A, French MD, et al. (2016) School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(3): e0004515. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5725-579031b9dfa58ba944f3ef70f05f4a5abd491949f7e9cb1e2b470acdcd9732bf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5725-579031b9dfa58ba944f3ef70f05f4a5abd491949f7e9cb1e2b470acdcd9732bf3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783033/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783033/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26954688$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Knopp, Stefanie</contributor><creatorcontrib>Grimes, Jack E T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tadesse, Gemechu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mekete, Kalkidan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wuletaw, Yonas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gebretsadik, Abeba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>French, Michael D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harrison, Wendy E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drake, Lesley J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gardiner, Iain A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yard, Elodie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Templeton, Michael R</creatorcontrib><title>School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>It is thought that improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) might reduce the transmission of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths, owing to their life cycles. However, few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites.
In the 2013-2014 Ethiopian national mapping of infections with these parasites, school WASH was assessed alongside infection intensity in children, mostly between 10 and 15 years of age. Scores were constructed reflecting exposure to schistosomes arising from water collection for schools, from freshwater sources, and the adequacy of school sanitation and hygiene facilities. Kendall's τb was used to test the WASH scores against the school-level arithmetic mean intensity of infection with each parasite, in schools with at least one child positive for the parasite in question. WASH and parasitology data were available for 1,645 schools. More frequent collection of water for schools, from open freshwater sources was associated with statistically significantly higher Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity (Kendall's τb = 0.097, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.011 to 0.18), better sanitation was associated with significantly lower Ascaris lumbricoides intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.067, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.023) and borderline significant lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.090 to 0.012, P = 0.067), and better hygiene was associated with significantly lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.076, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.020). However, no significant differences were observed when comparing sanitation and infection with S. mansoni or Trichuris trichiura, or hygiene and infection with A. lumbricoides or T. trichiura.
Improving school WASH may reduce transmission of these parasites. However, different forms of WASH appear to have different effects on infection with the various parasites, with our analysis finding the strongest associations between water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child health</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Communicable Disease Control - methods</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Ethiopia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Funding</subject><subject>Health Services Research</subject><subject>Helminthiasis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Helminthiasis - prevention & control</subject><subject>Helminths - classification</subject><subject>Helminths - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hygiene</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - prevention & control</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Sanitation</subject><subject>Sanitation - methods</subject><subject>Schistosoma</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Water - parasitology</subject><subject>Water quality management</subject><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><issn>1935-2735</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNklFrFDEQxxdRbK1-A9EFQXzonckm2Wz6IJRSbaHqQys-hiQ7e5eSTbabnNBvb-5uW-6kD5KHhJnf_Gcy_IviLUZzTDj-fBtWo1duPvjUzhFClGH2rDjEgrBZxQl7vvM-KF7FeIsQE6zBL4uDqhaM1k1zWNxdm2UIrvytEozH5bXyNqlkgz8ulW_Li_uFBQ85Eayb3YzKx96mBDkDrrc-LeMWzDI2phBDD_Gk_LGRUK78robB-kVpfXmeljYMVr0uXnTKRXgz3UfFr6_nN2cXs6uf3y7PTq9mhvGKzRgXiGAt2k6xRitBaUeg46hDrKOKKd1SgQUVHQdhNIZKU46UaU0rOKl0R46K91vdwYUop21FiXmDicA1aTJxuSXaoG7lMNpejfcyKCs3gTAupBqTNQ5kVZsmd9FAoKXQVJqhSjcGWmyI1sZkrS9Tt5XuoTXg06jcnuh-xtulXIQ_kvKGIEKywKdJYAx3K4hJ9jYacE55CKvN3IhVFNfsP1BeYVoTtP7ih3_QpxcxUQuV_2p9F_KIZi0qTykXjJC6oZmaP0Hl00JvTfDQ2RzfK_i4U7AE5bJdglutvRH3QboFzRhiHKF73BtGcm32h6nl2uxyMnsue7e788eiB3eTv5uI_GI</recordid><startdate>20160308</startdate><enddate>20160308</enddate><creator>Grimes, Jack E T</creator><creator>Tadesse, Gemechu</creator><creator>Mekete, Kalkidan</creator><creator>Wuletaw, Yonas</creator><creator>Gebretsadik, Abeba</creator><creator>French, Michael D</creator><creator>Harrison, Wendy E</creator><creator>Drake, Lesley J</creator><creator>Gardiner, Iain A</creator><creator>Yard, Elodie</creator><creator>Templeton, Michael R</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160308</creationdate><title>School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia</title><author>Grimes, Jack E T ; Tadesse, Gemechu ; Mekete, Kalkidan ; Wuletaw, Yonas ; Gebretsadik, Abeba ; French, Michael D ; Harrison, Wendy E ; Drake, Lesley J ; Gardiner, Iain A ; Yard, Elodie ; Templeton, Michael R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5725-579031b9dfa58ba944f3ef70f05f4a5abd491949f7e9cb1e2b470acdcd9732bf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child health</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Communicable Disease Control - 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However, few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites.
In the 2013-2014 Ethiopian national mapping of infections with these parasites, school WASH was assessed alongside infection intensity in children, mostly between 10 and 15 years of age. Scores were constructed reflecting exposure to schistosomes arising from water collection for schools, from freshwater sources, and the adequacy of school sanitation and hygiene facilities. Kendall's τb was used to test the WASH scores against the school-level arithmetic mean intensity of infection with each parasite, in schools with at least one child positive for the parasite in question. WASH and parasitology data were available for 1,645 schools. More frequent collection of water for schools, from open freshwater sources was associated with statistically significantly higher Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity (Kendall's τb = 0.097, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.011 to 0.18), better sanitation was associated with significantly lower Ascaris lumbricoides intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.067, 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.023) and borderline significant lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.090 to 0.012, P = 0.067), and better hygiene was associated with significantly lower hookworm intensity (Kendall's τb = -0.076, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.020). However, no significant differences were observed when comparing sanitation and infection with S. mansoni or Trichuris trichiura, or hygiene and infection with A. lumbricoides or T. trichiura.
Improving school WASH may reduce transmission of these parasites. However, different forms of WASH appear to have different effects on infection with the various parasites, with our analysis finding the strongest associations between water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26954688</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1935-2735 |
| ispartof | PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0004515-e0004515 |
| issn | 1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1781391638 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adolescent Animals Biology and Life Sciences Child Child health Children & youth Communicable Disease Control - methods Confidence intervals Data collection Education Ethiopia - epidemiology Female Funding Health Services Research Helminthiasis - epidemiology Helminthiasis - prevention & control Helminths - classification Helminths - isolation & purification Humans Hygiene Infections Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - prevention & control Male Management Medicine and Health Sciences Parasites Public health Sanitation Sanitation - methods Schistosoma Schools Social Sciences Studies Tropical diseases Water - parasitology Water quality management |
| title | School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-30T14%3A46%3A28IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=School%20Water,%20Sanitation,%20and%20Hygiene,%20Soil-Transmitted%20Helminths,%20and%20Schistosomes:%20National%20Mapping%20in%20Ethiopia&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20neglected%20tropical%20diseases&rft.au=Grimes,%20Jack%20E%20T&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=e0004515&rft.epage=e0004515&rft.pages=e0004515-e0004515&rft.issn=1935-2735&rft.eissn=1935-2735&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004515&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA479533684%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1781391638&rft_id=info:pmid/26954688&rft_galeid=A479533684&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_26c8cb1be3ed4e82b502b8ced1c3bbcc&rfr_iscdi=true |