Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta-Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny
The Western Mediterranean Region and Macaronesian Islands are one of the top biodiversity hotspots of Europe, containing a significant native genetic diversity of global value among the Crop Wild Relatives (CWR). Sugar beet is the primary crop of the genus Beta (subfamily Betoideae, Amaranthaceae) a...
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| creator | Romeiras, Maria M Vieira, Ana Silva, Diogo N Moura, Monica Santos-Guerra, Arnoldo Batista, Dora Duarte, Maria Cristina Paulo, Octávio S |
| description | The Western Mediterranean Region and Macaronesian Islands are one of the top biodiversity hotspots of Europe, containing a significant native genetic diversity of global value among the Crop Wild Relatives (CWR). Sugar beet is the primary crop of the genus Beta (subfamily Betoideae, Amaranthaceae) and despite the great economic importance of this genus, and of the close relative Patellifolia species, a reconstruction of their evolutionary history is still lacking. We analyzed nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA gene (matK, trnH-psbA, trnL intron, rbcL) sequences to: (i) investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the Betoideae subfamily, and (ii) elucidate the historical biogeography of wild beet species in the Western Mediterranean Region, including the Macaronesian Islands. The results support the Betoideae as a monophyletic group (excluding the Acroglochin genus) and provide a detailed inference of relationships within this subfamily, revealing: (i) a deep genetic differentiation between Beta and Patellifolia species, which may have occurred in Late Oligocene; and (ii) the occurrence of a West-East genetic divergence within Beta, indicating that the Mediterranean species probably differentiated by the end of the Miocene. This was interpreted as a signature of species radiation induced by dramatic habitat changes during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96-5.33 Mya). Moreover, colonization events during the Pleistocene also played a role in shaping the current diversity patterns among and within the Macaronesian Islands. The origin and number of these events could not be revealed due to insufficient phylogenetic resolution, suggesting that the diversification was quite recent in these archipelagos, and unravelling potential complex biogeographic patterns with hybridization and gene flow playing an important role. Finally, three evolutionary lineages were identified corresponding to major gene pools of sugar beet wild relatives, which provide useful information for establishing in situ and ex situ conservation priorities in the hotspot area of the Macaronesian Islands. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0152456 |
| format | Article |
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Sugar beet is the primary crop of the genus Beta (subfamily Betoideae, Amaranthaceae) and despite the great economic importance of this genus, and of the close relative Patellifolia species, a reconstruction of their evolutionary history is still lacking. We analyzed nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA gene (matK, trnH-psbA, trnL intron, rbcL) sequences to: (i) investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the Betoideae subfamily, and (ii) elucidate the historical biogeography of wild beet species in the Western Mediterranean Region, including the Macaronesian Islands. The results support the Betoideae as a monophyletic group (excluding the Acroglochin genus) and provide a detailed inference of relationships within this subfamily, revealing: (i) a deep genetic differentiation between Beta and Patellifolia species, which may have occurred in Late Oligocene; and (ii) the occurrence of a West-East genetic divergence within Beta, indicating that the Mediterranean species probably differentiated by the end of the Miocene. This was interpreted as a signature of species radiation induced by dramatic habitat changes during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96-5.33 Mya). Moreover, colonization events during the Pleistocene also played a role in shaping the current diversity patterns among and within the Macaronesian Islands. The origin and number of these events could not be revealed due to insufficient phylogenetic resolution, suggesting that the diversification was quite recent in these archipelagos, and unravelling potential complex biogeographic patterns with hybridization and gene flow playing an important role. Finally, three evolutionary lineages were identified corresponding to major gene pools of sugar beet wild relatives, which provide useful information for establishing in situ and ex situ conservation priorities in the hotspot area of the Macaronesian Islands.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152456</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27031338</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Agricultural economics ; Amaranthaceae ; Amaranthaceae - classification ; Amaranthaceae - genetics ; Analysis ; Aphanisma ; Archipelagoes ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Beta vulgaris ; Biodiversity ; Biodiversity hot spots ; Biogeography ; Biological Evolution ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Coasts ; Colonization ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Conservation ; Crops ; Divergence ; DNA, Plant - metabolism ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Economic importance ; Evolution ; Evolutionary genetics ; Gene flow ; Gene sequencing ; Genetic aspects ; Genetic divergence ; Genetic diversity ; Habitat changes ; Hybridization ; Islands ; Miocene ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligocene ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Pleistocene ; Radiation ; Radiation effects ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Sequence Alignment ; Species ; Studies ; Sugar ; Sugar beets ; Taxonomy ; Wild type</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-03, Vol.11 (3), p.e0152456-e0152456</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Romeiras et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The origin and number of these events could not be revealed due to insufficient phylogenetic resolution, suggesting that the diversification was quite recent in these archipelagos, and unravelling potential complex biogeographic patterns with hybridization and gene flow playing an important role. Finally, three evolutionary lineages were identified corresponding to major gene pools of sugar beet wild relatives, which provide useful information for establishing in situ and ex situ conservation priorities in the hotspot area of the Macaronesian Islands.</description><subject>Agricultural economics</subject><subject>Amaranthaceae</subject><subject>Amaranthaceae - classification</subject><subject>Amaranthaceae - genetics</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Aphanisma</subject><subject>Archipelagoes</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Bayes Theorem</subject><subject>Beta vulgaris</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biodiversity hot spots</subject><subject>Biogeography</subject><subject>Biological Evolution</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Coasts</subject><subject>Colonization</subject><subject>Computer and Information 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One</addtitle><date>2016-03-31</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0152456</spage><epage>e0152456</epage><pages>e0152456-e0152456</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The Western Mediterranean Region and Macaronesian Islands are one of the top biodiversity hotspots of Europe, containing a significant native genetic diversity of global value among the Crop Wild Relatives (CWR). Sugar beet is the primary crop of the genus Beta (subfamily Betoideae, Amaranthaceae) and despite the great economic importance of this genus, and of the close relative Patellifolia species, a reconstruction of their evolutionary history is still lacking. We analyzed nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA gene (matK, trnH-psbA, trnL intron, rbcL) sequences to: (i) investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the Betoideae subfamily, and (ii) elucidate the historical biogeography of wild beet species in the Western Mediterranean Region, including the Macaronesian Islands. The results support the Betoideae as a monophyletic group (excluding the Acroglochin genus) and provide a detailed inference of relationships within this subfamily, revealing: (i) a deep genetic differentiation between Beta and Patellifolia species, which may have occurred in Late Oligocene; and (ii) the occurrence of a West-East genetic divergence within Beta, indicating that the Mediterranean species probably differentiated by the end of the Miocene. This was interpreted as a signature of species radiation induced by dramatic habitat changes during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96-5.33 Mya). Moreover, colonization events during the Pleistocene also played a role in shaping the current diversity patterns among and within the Macaronesian Islands. The origin and number of these events could not be revealed due to insufficient phylogenetic resolution, suggesting that the diversification was quite recent in these archipelagos, and unravelling potential complex biogeographic patterns with hybridization and gene flow playing an important role. Finally, three evolutionary lineages were identified corresponding to major gene pools of sugar beet wild relatives, which provide useful information for establishing in situ and ex situ conservation priorities in the hotspot area of the Macaronesian Islands.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27031338</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0152456</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2016-03, Vol.11 (3), p.e0152456-e0152456 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1777533670 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Agricultural economics Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae - classification Amaranthaceae - genetics Analysis Aphanisma Archipelagoes Base Sequence Bayes Theorem Beta vulgaris Biodiversity Biodiversity hot spots Biogeography Biological Evolution Biology and Life Sciences Coasts Colonization Computer and Information Sciences Conservation Crops Divergence DNA, Plant - metabolism Earth Sciences Ecology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Economic importance Evolution Evolutionary genetics Gene flow Gene sequencing Genetic aspects Genetic divergence Genetic diversity Habitat changes Hybridization Islands Miocene Molecular Sequence Data Oligocene Phylogenetics Phylogeny Pleistocene Radiation Radiation effects Research and Analysis Methods Sequence Alignment Species Studies Sugar Sugar beets Taxonomy Wild type |
| title | Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta-Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny |
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